【正文】 ntic love, chivalry and religion. (4) The language and style are simple and straightforward. : express the thoughts and feelings of a single speaker ① epigram: a short witty poem expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way ② elegy: poem or song expressing sorrow, esp. for the dead ③ : a long poem expressing noble feeling, often written to a person or thing, or celebrating some special event ④ aubade: a love poem expressing plaint that dawn means the speaker must part from his lover ⑤ : a type of poem containing 14 lines, each of 10 syllables, and with a formal pattern of rhymes Chapter One The Colonial and Revolutionary Period (16201820) Ⅰ . Historical Background: ★ This period lasted for nearly two centuries from the arrival of the Mayflower through the end of the 18th century. The 17th century: the establishment of the early American colonies 1. In 1620, 102 Englishmen in all, including 35 Puritans and 67 nonPuritans, took the ship Mayflower for North America. On November 21st, they settled at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The arrival of the Mayflower marked the beginning of the English permanent settlements in North America. 2. The English permanent settlements in North America began in the early 17th century. The first settlement was founded in 1607 in Virginia. The second settlement was established in Massachusetts in 1620. Following these two settlements, many other colonies were founded in North America. The 18th century: the American Revolution —The War of Independence 1. By the early 1760s, the 13 English colonies in North America had developed a similar American pattern in politics, economy and cultural life , they wanted to be independent from Britain. 2. On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson with the help of John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, was adopted by the congress. 3. The American Revolution came to an end in 1781 with the failure of Britain. The war of Independence lasted for eight years (1776—1783). In 1789, Gee Washington became the first American President. A new American nation was thus born. Ⅱ . Cultural Background: Puritanism: American Puritanism was one of the most important enduring influences in American thought, American life 3 and American literature. It refers to the practices and beliefs of Puritans. The Puritans thought that the Church of England was too catholic and wanted to “purify” the church. They wanted simple forms of church ceremony. People couldn?t be saved by giving money to the church. They advocated working hard and living a moral life. They thought they were God?s chosen people. The Bible was the authority of their doctrine. The puritan style of writing is fresh, simple and direct。 (2) posed by mon people during a long period of time and handed down from mouth to mouth。 Assessment: 1. Class Attendance (15%) 2. Class Participation (5%) 3. Homework (20%): Time due: June 16 4. Final Exam (60%) Introduction to Literature 1. fiction: setting, character, point of view, plot, theme, language and style novel novelette short story 2. drama: dialogue, character, plot, theme edy: play that aims to amuse and that ends happily tragedy: play with a sad ending tragiedy: type of play with both tragic and ic elements 3. poetry: meter, rhythm, rhyme, figures of speech, structure, theme : tell stories and describe actions ① : a long narrative poem about the deeds of one or more great national heroes, or a nation?s past history。 《美國文學選讀》（上下冊）常耀信，南開大學出版社， 1991 年第 2 版 。 1 A Short History of American literature Contents: 1. The Colonial and Revolutionary Period (16201820) 2. The Romantic Period (18201865) 3. The Age of Realism (18651890) 4. The Age of Naturalism (18901914) 5. The Period between the Wars (19141945) 6. The Postwar Era (1945 ) Required Reading: A Survey of American Literature by Chang Yaoxin 《美國文學簡史》， 常耀信，南開大學出版社， 2020 年第 2 版 。 Supplementary Readings: 《美國文學史及選讀》（上下冊）吳偉仁，外研社， 1990 年第 2 版 。 《新編美國文學史》劉海平，王守仁，上海外語教育出版社， 2020 年第 1 版 。 also called heroic poem ② : (1) a story told in a song, usu. in 4line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed。 (3) an important form of the Medieval folk literature。 the rhetoric is plain and honest, with a direct influence of the Bible. All this has left a great influence on American writing. American Puritanism has been a healthy legacy to the Americans. Ⅲ . The 17thcentury Literature: The early colonial writings 1. In various forms: Diaries, letters, histories, journals, travel books, religious and political writings, etc. 2. In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. 3. In form, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated. 4. Major authors and their masterworks: (1). John Smith (15801631) General History of Virginia(1624) (2). William Bradford (15901657) Of Plymouth Plantation (1651). (3). John Winthrop (15881649) The History of New England (4). John Cotton: (5). Roger Williams (16031683) (6). Anne Bradstreet (16121672) The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (1650) (7). Edward Taylor (16441729) the best of the Puritan poets Ⅳ .Two famous movements of the 18th century: 1. The Great Awakening It?s a series of religious revivals that swept over the American colonies in the middle of the 18th century. The major thinker was Jonathan Edwards. Its main purpose was to make people go back to God and especially arouse their belief in Puritanism with the development of science and society. ( 18 世紀 40 年代，美國歷史上出現(xiàn)了一次稱為“大覺醒”的宗教運動，宗旨之一是要在科學技術(shù)不斷進步，物質(zhì)生活不斷變化的時候，重新喚起人們的宗教熱情，特別是對清教主義的信仰。s great Enlightenment writers—Be