【正文】 5). Roger Williams (16031683) (6). Anne Bradstreet (16121672) The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (1650) (7). Edward Taylor (16441729) the best of the Puritan poets Ⅳ .Two famous movements of the 18th century: 1. The Great Awakening It?s a series of religious revivals that swept over the American colonies in the middle of the 18th century. The major thinker was Jonathan Edwards. Its main purpose was to make people go back to God and especially arouse their belief in Puritanism with the development of science and society. ( 18 世紀(jì) 40 年代，美國(guó)歷史上出現(xiàn)了一次稱為“大覺(jué)醒”的宗教運(yùn)動(dòng)，宗旨之一是要在科學(xué)技術(shù)不斷進(jìn)步，物質(zhì)生活不斷變化的時(shí)候，重新喚起人們的宗教熱情，特別是對(duì)清教主義的信仰。 Supplementary Readings: 《美國(guó)文學(xué)史及選讀》（上下冊(cè)）吳偉仁，外研社， 1990 年第 2 版 。 (2) posed by mon people during a long period of time and handed down from mouth to mouth。s Almanac 《窮理查歷書》 Autobiography Written to advise his son, it covers only the early years. It is a record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty into which he was born. It?s also the faithful account of the colorful career of America?s first selfmade man. Through telling a success story of selfreliance, this book celebrates the fulfillment of the American dream.(America is a land of opportunities where everyone could make a fortune provided he worked hard.) Franklin was 65 when he first wrote this book. It consists of four parts. The most famous section describes his scientific list of selfimprovement. Benjamin Franklin listed thirteen virtues that he felt were an important guide for living and selfimprovement. Franklin39。 cut off all unnecessary actions. Sincerity: Use no hurtful deceit。s life, and the wild west. Then came the making of American literature in the Romantic Period. II. Cultural Background The American Romanticism 1. The Romantic Movement, which originated in Germany but quickly spread to England, France, and reached America around the year 1820. 2. The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War (18611865). 3. During this period a national literature developed and took shape with novels, short stories and poems as its principal literary forms. It started with the publication of Washington Irving39。s house, everyone there sat down to dinner. After the lovely feast of Dutch food such as cakes, pies, fruits, and meat, the music began. Everyone 7 danced about. Ichabod Crane danced with Katrina. Brom Bones sat in a corner glaring at the dancing couple. Then everyone sat down to listen to stories. The tales were fascinating! They were stories about ghosts . The favorite tale was about the headless horseman, a ghost who lost his head during the American Revolutionary War and went out of the graveyard at night and searched for his head. After the party, Ichabod Crane heads home through the graveyard. On his way, the headless horseman chases him. He chases him to the bridge, where the horseman39。 (2). loved nature and freedom。 Judge Temple: (2). Theme: the conflicts between nature and civilization, between freedom and law (3). Plot Summary: Page 51 on Chang’s book Phase 2: The summit of American Romanticism: New England Transcendentalism New England Transcendentalism 1. It was a literary and philosophical movement that flourished in New England in the middle of the 19th century. It was the summit of American Romanticism. 2. This movement was a reaction against Calvinism and the 18thcentury rationalism. It placed emphasis on oversoul, individualism and nature. 3. It was the product of a bination of foreign influences and the American Puritan tradition. 4. The two most famous American transcendentalists were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Ralph Waldo Emerson (18031882) Poet amp。 graduated from Harvard。 studied at Bowdoin College。 3. married the daughter of a rich judge, wrote for money to support his extravagant wife。 society, man amp。 3. The first edition came out in 1855, contained 12 poems and did not sell well. But it received a warm w ele from Emerson. Emerson wrote him a letter, saying, “I find it the most extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom that America has yet contributed.” When the 5th edition appeared (1871), Whitman began to receive recognition in England and importance:1. “father of modern American poetry” :Whitman?s influence over modern poetry is great in the world as well as in America. 2. His poetry added to the literary independence of America by breaking free from the traditional iambic pentameter and w。 )It refers to who tells us a story and how it is told. The various points of view can be grouped into two categories: (1)The thirdperson narrator uses he, she , or they to tell the story and does not participate in the action。 Hawthorne?s influence on him。 ( Page 70 to Page 71 in Chang?s book. ) Major works: novels amp。 died early。 son of a clergyman。 his love 8 (4). The Pioneers: old and dying。s house without Ichabod Crane. The town issued a search for Ichabod, but instead of finding him, they found Gunpowder39。s Leaves of Grass (1855). 《草葉集》 4. It was characterized by the idealization of nature, freedom of thought and expression and heavy reliance on the imagination and subjectivity. It reacted against reason, rules, authority and industrialism, and it searched for freedom in personal, political, and artistic life. It stresses individual over society and tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. 5. Being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance”. III. The Romantic Literature: Two Phases: 1. The beginning and development of American Romanticism: Washington Irving (17831859): The Sketch Book of