【正文】 2. a book of collected poetry that had 9 editions with more than 400 poems all written in free verse form。 (2)The firstperson narrator uses I and is a major or minor participant in the action. Walt Whitman 沃爾特 man, man amp。 Page 80 to Page 82 in Chang?s book Representative work: Moby Dick (1851) 《白 鯨》 Its importance: Page 83 in Chang?s book Because he was unwilling to sacrifice his insights and artistic standards to cater to popular feeling and demand, this novel got a cool response of the public. He was so disappointed that he almost left off novel writing. Born in the 19th century, Melville did not receive recognition until the 20th. Moby Dick (1851) 《白 鯨》 Point of view: firstperson narrator ——Ishmael: a schoolmaster Major characters: Moby Dick: a white whale Ahab: captain of the whaling ship, Pequod。 2. had little education and began to work early, went to sea at twenty and been a whaler which is the lowest of sailors。 short stories Novels: Scarlet Letter (1850) 《紅字》： his masterpiece House of the Seven Gables (1851) 《帶七個(gè)尖角閣的房子》 Blithedale Romance (1852) 《福谷傳奇》 Marble Faun (1860) 《玉石雕像》 Short stories: Goodman Brown 《年輕小伙子布朗》 2. Dr. Rappaccini’s Daughter 《拉普奇尼博士的女兒》 The Scarlet Letter (1850) 《紅字》 This book has 24 chapters and The Custom House is its introductory. Setting: in the puritan Boston during the mid17th century。 his father died when he was mere four years old。 2. Throughout his life, he reduced his needs to the simplest level and managed to live on very little money, thus maintaining his independence. Representative works: Walden, or Life in the Woods (1854)《瓦爾登湖》 / 《華爾騰》 / 《林中生活》 1. This book is the result of two years, two months, and two days (from 1845 to 1847) he spent living in a cabin he built at Walden Pond on property owned by Emerson. 2. In Walden, Thoreau tests Emerson?s theories of Transcendentalism. He went into the nature to experiment on selfsufficiency. 3. It?s a book on selfculture and human perfectibility. Themes: (1). nature, the symbol of spirit。 3. He called for an independent culture and the creation of a native literature instead of imitating and importing from other lands. Henry David Thoreau 9 (18171862) His life: 1. born in a poor family in Concord, Massachusetts。 graduated from Harvard。 5. The Pioneers 1823 《開(kāi)拓者》 (1). The main characters: Natty Bumppo / Leatherstocking。 his conflict with Judge Temple (5). The Prairie: lived in an Indian tribe and died。 2. His life: Page 50 in Chang?s book 3. Representative works: The Leatherstocking Tales 《皮襪子故事集》 A series of five novels about the frontier life of American settlersThe central character: Natty Bumppo: an American style of Hero (His various names on Page 50) (1). an uneducated man , who was pure, honest, upright, idealized and better than the society he protected。s saddle. When they looked near the bridge, they found Ichabod Crane?s hat, and a few yards away they found a smashed pumpkin. (1). Compare Irving39。s house, he rode there, on a spirited horse called Gunpowder, that he borrowed from his friend. When he got to the Van Tassel39。 hero, Gee Washington。s pamphlet Common Sense (1776)《常識(shí)》 boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”, he became the spokesman of the American Revolution. The booklet was warmly received in the colonies both as a justification for their cause of independence and as an encouragement to the painfully fighting people. His chief contribution was a series of 16 pamphlets (17761783) entitled American Crisis. Thomas Jefferson (17431826) Thomas Jefferson was a founding father of the US, the author of the draft of the Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States of America. We hold these truths to be selfevident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government bees destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and anizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Chapter 2 The Romantic Period (18201865) Ⅰ . Historical Background: After the American Revolution, America was gradually developing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country. (1) Historically, the Romantic Period was the time of westward expansion. The western boundary of America had reached to the Pacific by 1860, and the number of its states had increased from the original 13 at the time of its independence to 21 by the middle of the 19th century. (2) Economically, the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation, which affected the rural as well as the urban life. (3) Politically, democracy and equality became the ideals of the new nation, and the two party system came into being. With the founding of the American Independent Government, the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression, to make known its new experience that other nations did not have: the early Puritan settlement, the fight with the Indians, the frontiersmen39。s peace or reputation. Humility: Imitate Jesus and Socrates. Poor Richard39。 be always employed in something useful。 avoid trifling conversation. Order: Let all your things have their places。vecoeur (17351813) Letters from an American Farmer (1782) 4. Thomas Paine (17371809) Common Sense (1776) American Crisis (17761783) 5. Thomas Jefferson (17431826) The Declaration of Independence 6. Phil