【正文】 natureIn Moby Dick, Melville lost no opportunity in his criticism of New England Transcendentalism. （ Page 8485 in Chang?s book） Point of view:小說的視角 Point of view, as a monlyused technique of story telling, plays an important part in narration. (視角是小說敘述技巧的一種慣 用形式。 ever worked in the Custom House。 Essayist His life: born in Massachusetts。s head is thrown at Ichabod. The next morning, Gunpowder appeared at his master39。 think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly. Justice: Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty. Moderation: Avoid extremes。 (3) an important form of the Medieval folk literature。 (4) simple, plain language 2 ③ : (1) As a popular literary form in the Middle Ages, it?s a narrative poem or prose about the life and adventures of a noble hero. (2) The hero is the knight, setting out on a journey to acplish some goal— to protect the church and the poor, to rescue a maiden, to meet a challenge, or to obey a knightly mand. (3) The content is usu. about romantic love, chivalry and religion. (4) The language and style are simple and straightforward. : express the thoughts and feelings of a single speaker ① epigram: a short witty poem expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way ② elegy: poem or song expressing sorrow, esp. for the dead ③ : a long poem expressing noble feeling, often written to a person or thing, or celebrating some special event ④ aubade: a love poem expressing plaint that dawn means the speaker must part from his lover ⑤ : a type of poem containing 14 lines, each of 10 syllables, and with a formal pattern of rhymes Chapter One The Colonial and Revolutionary Period (16201820) Ⅰ . Historical Background: ★ This period lasted for nearly two centuries from the arrival of the Mayflower through the end of the 18th century. The 17th century: the establishment of the early American colonies 1. In 1620, 102 Englishmen in all, including 35 Puritans and 67 nonPuritans, took the ship Mayflower for North America. On November 21st, they settled at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The arrival of the Mayflower marked the beginning of the English permanent settlements in North America. 2. The English permanent settlements in North America began in the early 17th century. The first settlement was founded in 1607 in Virginia. The second settlement was established in Massachusetts in 1620. Following these two settlements, many other colonies were founded in North America. The 18th century: the American Revolution —The War of Independence 1. By the early 1760s, the 13 English colonies in North America had developed a similar American pattern in politics, economy and cultural life , they wanted to be independent from Britain. 2. On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson with the help of John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, was adopted by the congress. 3. The American Revolution came to an end in 1781 with the failure of Britain. The war of Independence lasted for eight years (1776—1783). In 1789, Gee Washington became the first American President. A new American nation was thus born. Ⅱ . Cultural Background: Puritanism: American Puritanism was one of the most important enduring influences in American thought, American life 3 and American literature. It refers to the practices and beliefs of Puritans. The Puritans thought that the Church of England was too catholic and wanted to “purify” the church. They wanted simple forms of church ceremony. People couldn?t be saved by giving money to the church. They advocated working hard and living a moral life. They thought they were God?s chosen people. The Bible was the authority of their doctrine. The puritan style of writing is fresh, simple and direct。 forbear resenting injuries so much as you think hey deserve. Cleanness: Tolerate no uncleanness in body, cloths, or habitation. Tranquility: Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents mon or unavoidable. Chastity: Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another39。s house without Ichabod Crane. The town issued a search for Ichabod, but instead of finding him, they found Gunpowder39。 son of a clergyman。 ( Page 70 to Page 71 in Chang?s book. ) Major works: novels amp。 )It refers to who tells us a story and how it is told. The various points of view can be grouped into two categories: (1)The thirdperson narrator uses he, she , or they to tell the story and does not participate in the action。 society, man amp。 studied at Bowdoin College。 Judge Temple: (2). Theme: the conflicts between nature and civilization, between freedom and law (3). Plot Summary: Page 51 on Chang’s book Phase 2: The summit of American Romanticism: New England Transcendentalism New England Transcendentalism 1. It was a literary and philosophical movement that flourished in New England in the middle of the 19th century. It was the summit of American Romanticism. 2. This movement was a reaction against Calvinism and the 18thcentury rationalism. It placed emphasis on oversoul, individualism and nature. 3. It was the product of a bination of foreign influences and the American Puritan tradition. 4. The two most famous American transcendentalists were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Ralph Waldo Emerson (18031882) Poet amp。s house, everyone there sat down to dinner. After the lovely feast of Dutch food such as cakes, pies, fruits, and meat, the music began. Everyone 7 danced about. Ichabod Crane danced with Katrina. Brom Bones sat in a corner glaring at the dancing couple. Then everyone sat down to listen to stories. The tales were fascinating! They were stories about ghosts . The favorite tale was about the headless horseman, a