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limited wholly or partially by the rate at which the electroreactants are transported to the electrode surface. ? This kind of limitation does not concern a theory of interfacial kiics. More to the point is the case of low current and efficient stirring, in which mass transport is not a factor determining the current. Instead, it is controlled by interfacial dynamics. Towards a Sustainable Energy Future Tafel equation Towards a Sustainable Energy Future Butlervolmer model of electrode kiics Towards a Sustainable Energy Future Suppose the electrode potential is equal to E176。 ? In a typical chemical system, the free energies of activation are in the range of a few electron volts, but the full range of measurable kiics usually corresponds to a change in activation energy of only 50200 meV, or a few percent of the total. Towards a Sustainable Energy Future Exchange current At zero current At equilibrium, the bulk concentrations of О and R are found also at the surface Towards a Sustainable Energy Future Exchange current Exchange current density Towards a Sustainable Energy Future The currentoverpotential Equation Currentoverpotential Equation Towards a Sustainable Energy F