【正文】 tive people municate first. Culture and Conversation Pattern1. When to talk2. What to say3. Turntaking conventions Direct vs. Indirect Communication Style 1. Direct munication styleWith direct munication style, speaker expresses his intention（need and desire）openly and directly. Direct styles are often used in lowcontext, individualistic cultures. Verbal precision and selfexpression are valued.2. Indirect munication styleIn an indirect munication style, which is often seen in highcontext and collectivistic cultures, speakers usually hide or hint their intentions during interaction.Case Analysis: Conflicts between Direct and Indirect Communication stylel What are the interpretations of Michiko on Jim’s words?l Why do they have the conflicts during munication? Elaborate, Exacting, and Succinct Communication StyleThe elaborate, exacting, or succinct munication style deals with the quantity and /or volume of talk.1. Elaborate munication style2. Exacting munication style3. Succinct munication style Personal and Contextual Communication StylePeople tend to use personal munication style in individualistic culture, while contextual style is employed more often in collectivist culture. 1. Personal munication styleThe personal munication style amplifies the individual identity of the speaker.2. Contextual munication styleA contextual style stresses one’s role identity and status. The Japanese use a contextual style, and their language includes an elaborate system of honorifics. Honorifics are linguistic forms that municate respect according to one’s rank and the rank of the people they speak to.Case Analysis: Japanese Workers Get Word from on High :Drop Formality l What kind of munication style traditional Japanese workers use? l What causes the Japanese workers mentioned in the case to drop formality during munication with each other? Japanese tea ceremonyJapanese honorificsChrysanthemum amp。增加語言知識，了解習語中暗含的文化價值觀念；比較中、英差別，比較中英價值觀的異同。Take a look at the popular sayings listed below. What might they suggest about . American values and beliefs? Write your answer next to the statement on the right.Popular saying or impression What value(s) is being emphasized? 1. If at first you don39。t blame me!5. The squeaky wheel gets the grease.6. Where there39。s a way.7. Talk is cheap.8. It’s no big deal.9. What39。s up?參考答案常用習語、俗語和諺語漢語意思強調的價值觀念和信仰1. If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.如果你最初沒有成功，務必再試試；失敗是成功之母要有百折不撓，堅持到底的信心。個人主義，自力更生3. Make yourself at home.不必拘謹，隨隨便便，就像在你自己家里一樣不拘禮儀，人人平等。4. Don’t blame me!不要責怪我；不是我的錯美國文化強調個人的責任感，但是美國人也常常為出現(xiàn)在自己身上的問題找其他原因，然后說：“看，不是我的錯！”5. The squeaky wheel gets the grease.吱吱叫的轱轆常上油；會哭的孩子有奶吃抱怨并指出問題受到鼓勵，因為這可以改善我們的生活和生活用品。如果你保持沉默、逆來順受，你永遠不會得到幫助。7. Talk is cheap.耍嘴皮子；說來容易，做起來難重要的是行動。在美國各個地區(qū)這一點有不同的表現(xiàn)。10. What’s up?有什么新鮮事嗎？非正式的。步驟二： 檢查學生找到的答案，討論答案中反映的價值觀念。步驟四：教師引導學生思考：為什么習語反映的價值觀會相互矛盾？例如：“Silence is golden.”與“The squeaky wheel gets the grease.”步驟五：教師引導學生找出中國文化中表達上述練習中相似意義的習慣用語，并與英語中相應的表達方式進行比較。 record your first impression. own beliefs to others strong personality to the needs of others to take a stand as a leaderScoring: Items 2,3,5,6,9,11,14,18,19 and 20 measure assertiveness. Add the scores on these items to get your assertiveness score. Scores above 40 indicate that you see yourself as assertive. Items 1,4,7,8,10,12,13,15,16, and 17 measure responsiveness. Add the scores on these items to get your responsiveness score. Scores above 40 suggest that you see yourself as responsive. Being assertive and responsive is not necessarily “good” or “bad”. Your sociomunicative style is a barometer of how you interact with others, not whether you are a good or bad person._____________________________________________________________________Source: From McCroskey, J, C., amp。2. symbol（符號） words, actions, objects that stand for or represent a unit of meaning. 可以表達一定含義的詞匯、行為和物體。4. semantics（語義學）The study of the meaning of words is called semantic.5. denotative meaning（外延義）：It refers to the public, objective, and legal meanings of a word, which are those found in the dictionary or law books.6. connotative meaning（內涵義）: It refers to personal emotionally charged, private, and specific to a particular person.7. dialects（方言）Dialects are versions of a language with distinctive vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation that are spoken by particular groups of people or within particular regions.8. accents（口音）Distinguishable marks of pronunciation are called accents.9. jargon （行話）refers to a set of words or terms that are shared by those with a mon profession or experience.10. argot （暗語）refers to a specialized language that is used by a large group within a culture to define the boundaries of their group from others who are in a more powerful position in society.（禁忌）refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. （委婉語）means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh（嚴厲的）, blunt（生硬的）, or offensive.2. Additional Information: 1. Navajos（納瓦霍族）A Native American people inhabiting extensive reservation lands in Arizona, New Mexico, and southeast Utah. The most populous of contemporary Native American groups in the United States, the Navajo are noted as stockbreeders and skilled weavers, potters, and silversmiths.（納瓦霍族居住亞利桑那，新墨西哥和猶他州東南部的美洲印第安人。納瓦霍族人以豢養(yǎng)家禽，技術熟練的紡織者，制陶者和銀匠而著名?；羝と艘蛩麄兙康暮底骷夹g，多姿多彩的儀式生活，以及在物品編織，制陶，銀器和紡織等方面的精美工藝而聞名。 The Great Learning (《大學》), The Mean (《中庸》), Analects (《論語》), and Mencius (《孟子》)。 central doctrine is that of