【正文】 等功能都需要驗(yàn)證用戶(hù)密碼。一個(gè)用例擴(kuò)展另一個(gè)用例的功能，例如，在圖書(shū)館信息管理系統(tǒng)中，讀者還書(shū)時(shí)，系統(tǒng)檢查所還圖書(shū)是否有預(yù)訂記錄，如果有則執(zhí)行“通知”用例?；蛘哒f(shuō)，抽象就是抽出事務(wù)的本質(zhì)特性而暫時(shí)不考慮它們的細(xì)節(jié)1孩子閱讀疲倦時(shí)，一定要休息。請(qǐng)對(duì)上面的描述設(shè)計(jì)判定表。(2)使用的場(chǎng)合不同：在分析用例、理解涉及多個(gè)用例的工作流、處理多線(xiàn)程應(yīng)用等情況下，一般使用活動(dòng)圖；在顯示一個(gè)對(duì)象在其生命周期內(nèi)的行為時(shí)，一般使用狀態(tài)圖。分析階段的主要模型是數(shù)據(jù)流程圖，設(shè)計(jì)階段的主要模型是軟件模塊結(jié)構(gòu)圖，數(shù)據(jù)流程圖和軟件模塊結(jié)構(gòu)圖之間需要進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。(2) 需求分析的細(xì)化程度沒(méi)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，只能憑借分析人員的經(jīng)驗(yàn)自己把握；需求分析的過(guò)程是在一種瀑布形式，當(dāng)需求變更時(shí)，功能變化就會(huì)導(dǎo)致軟件模塊結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化，造成了軟件結(jié)構(gòu)不穩(wěn)定。(4) 結(jié)構(gòu)化方法設(shè)計(jì)的軟件結(jié)構(gòu)不穩(wěn)定，缺乏靈活性，可維護(hù)性差。判定表是結(jié)構(gòu)花設(shè)計(jì)的工具，用于描述多重條件的處理。2請(qǐng)給出軟件工程七條基本原理中的任意三條基本原理。2軟件需求可以分為業(yè)務(wù)需求、用戶(hù)需求、功能需求和非功能需求，請(qǐng)分析業(yè)務(wù)需求與功能需求的區(qū)別？業(yè)務(wù)需求是用戶(hù)高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)決定的，它確定軟件的目標(biāo)、規(guī)模和范圍。業(yè)務(wù)需求通常比較簡(jiǎn)潔，大約三～五頁(yè)紙就可以描述清楚，也可以將它直接作為需求規(guī)格說(shuō)明書(shū)中的一部分。用戶(hù)從他們完成任務(wù)的角度對(duì)軟件提出了用戶(hù)需求，這些需求通常是凌亂的、非系統(tǒng)化的、有冗余的，開(kāi)發(fā)人員不能據(jù)此編寫(xiě)程序。開(kāi)發(fā)人員根據(jù)功能需求進(jìn)行軟件設(shè)計(jì)和編碼。=50馬力YNNN=20馬力NNYN=10年NYN有維修記錄Y送外√√本廠√本車(chē)間√2某學(xué)校開(kāi)發(fā)了學(xué)生網(wǎng)上選課的系統(tǒng)，學(xué)生在網(wǎng)上查找到希望選修的課程，并查看是否還有名額，若有名額就輸入學(xué)號(hào)，系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)記錄該學(xué)生的選課信息，并返回選課成功。參考答案：2什么是軟件危機(jī)?軟件危機(jī)表現(xiàn)在哪幾個(gè)方面?由于軟件特點(diǎn)和長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直沒(méi)有發(fā)明一種高效的開(kāi)發(fā)方法，導(dǎo)致軟件生產(chǎn)效率非常低，交付期一拖再拖，最終交付的軟件產(chǎn)品在質(zhì)量上很難保障。它的具體表現(xiàn)如下： a)“已完成”的軟件不滿(mǎn)足用戶(hù)的需求。 c)軟件開(kāi)發(fā)成本難以準(zhǔn)確估算，開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程控制困難造成開(kāi)發(fā)成本超出預(yù)算。 e)軟件通常沒(méi)有適當(dāng)?shù)奈臋n資料，或文檔與最終交付的軟件產(chǎn)品不符，軟件的可維護(hù)程度非常低。2請(qǐng)用判定表描述產(chǎn)品出庫(kù)量的計(jì)算方法：當(dāng)庫(kù)存量大于等于提貨量時(shí)，以提貨量作為出庫(kù)量；當(dāng)庫(kù)存量小于提貨量，但是庫(kù)存量大于等于提貨量的50％時(shí)，以實(shí)際庫(kù)存量作為出庫(kù)量；否則，出庫(kù)量為0，不能提貨。三、 應(yīng)用題某企業(yè)的設(shè)備維修委托給專(zhuān)業(yè)的技術(shù)公司完成，現(xiàn)在要開(kāi)發(fā)軟件對(duì)設(shè)備維修信息進(jìn)行管理，具體描述如下：車(chē)間主任填寫(xiě)維修申請(qǐng)單，內(nèi)容有設(shè)備名稱(chēng)、型號(hào)、故障描述、維護(hù)時(shí)間要求、預(yù)計(jì)費(fèi)用；填好后交給審計(jì)人員，審計(jì)人員根據(jù)企業(yè)的審計(jì)規(guī)定對(duì)維修申請(qǐng)單進(jìn)行審計(jì)，填寫(xiě)審計(jì)意見(jiàn)和審計(jì)結(jié)果，審計(jì)意見(jiàn)可以修改費(fèi)用，審計(jì)結(jié)果是同意或不同意；車(chē)間主任可以隨時(shí)查詢(xún)審計(jì)意見(jiàn)和結(jié)果；審計(jì)通過(guò)的維修申請(qǐng)單送給總經(jīng)理進(jìn)行審核，并填寫(xiě)審核意見(jiàn)和結(jié)果，審核也是以修改費(fèi)用，審核結(jié)果是同意或不同意。維修后由車(chē)間主任組織對(duì)設(shè)備維修結(jié)果進(jìn)行驗(yàn)收，企業(yè)對(duì)每臺(tái)有設(shè)備驗(yàn)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。最后收取發(fā)票后，財(cái)務(wù)人員填寫(xiě)發(fā)票記錄。某個(gè)學(xué)生成績(jī)管理系統(tǒng)的部分功能如下：(1)基本信息管理：教務(wù)管理人員輸入或修改學(xué)期教學(xué)計(jì)劃、學(xué)生名單和教師名單；(2)學(xué)生選課：學(xué)生根據(jù)教學(xué)執(zhí)行計(jì)劃進(jìn)行選課；(3)分配任課教師：教務(wù)管理人員為符合開(kāi)課條件的課程分配教師；(4)教師查詢(xún)并打印課表；(5)成績(jī)管理：每門(mén)課程的教師在考試評(píng)分結(jié)束后將考試成績(jī)錄入，學(xué)生可查詢(xún)。一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)化的養(yǎng)老院軟件需求描述如下：老人來(lái)到養(yǎng)老院，接待人員將老人的基本信息錄入到系統(tǒng)中，管理員讀取老人信息，進(jìn)行護(hù)理級(jí)別的評(píng)估，根據(jù)評(píng)估結(jié)果分配床位、確定護(hù)理方案，床位的分配信息存入床位分配數(shù)據(jù)表，每位老人的護(hù)理方案也要保存到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)表中。護(hù)士根據(jù)老人基本信息、護(hù)理方案對(duì)老人進(jìn)行日常護(hù)理，并向系統(tǒng)錄入每日的護(hù)理信息。學(xué)校教師工資管理系統(tǒng)的需求描述如下：教師每月末將本月的工作量輸入到系統(tǒng)中，學(xué)院負(fù)責(zé)人對(duì)教師輸入的工作量進(jìn)行審核，財(cái)務(wù)部門(mén)對(duì)審核后的工作量計(jì)算本月工資，本月工資=基本工資＋各種補(bǔ)貼＋工作量獎(jiǎng)金－稅收－保險(xiǎn)一公積金金。銀行系統(tǒng)每月從本系統(tǒng)讀入每位教師的實(shí)發(fā)工資，并向每位教師的銀行卡帳戶(hù)打入月工資。請(qǐng)針對(duì)上面描述的需求畫(huà)出數(shù)據(jù)流程圖。要求：按等價(jià)類(lèi)劃分方法設(shè)計(jì)測(cè)試用例。學(xué)生在網(wǎng)上查看教師給自己布置的作業(yè)，并完成作業(yè)，完成的作業(yè)放在學(xué)生作業(yè)表中。學(xué)生可以查看教師批閱的作業(yè)，修改作業(yè)中的錯(cuò)誤，教師仍然可以查看學(xué)生修改作業(yè)的情況，并給予批閱。請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(∩_∩)O謝謝?。。?016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Women39。s games measures in (7576 cm) in circumference, and a women39。s bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 4954 in ( m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft ( m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere mands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two halfbushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and outlined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Men39。s five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players。 smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 1020 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismith39。 England in 1894。 and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948。s basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem AbdulJabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The women39。s game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably bee the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the women39。s basketball league in