【正文】 e news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。）（同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分）第二章 定語從句　　定語從句在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，有時也可以修飾部分或整個句子。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。　　關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why, how。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做賓語時可以省略?！　《ㄕZ從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。t work hard will never succeed in his work.④在There be句型中There is a stranger who wants to see you.⑤在被分隔的定語從句中A new teacher will e tomorrow who will teach you German.⑥在有兩個定語從句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個以上的并列定語從句時，后一個必須重復(fù)前一個關(guān)系代詞。All that is needed is a supply of oil. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.　b)先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時，只用that。The first English book that I read was The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twin.d)先行詞既有人，又有物時。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語He is not the man that he used to be.2 、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點、方式或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。m surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem.注意：①在非限制性定語從句中，介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)不能代替關(guān)系副詞。Is this the book which (that) she was looking for?名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級 + 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fiftyfive students in our class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.as, which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的差別由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As we know, smoking is harmful to one39。As is know, smoking is harmful to one39。As we all know, he never smokes.(2) as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same… as。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using.第三章 狀語從句狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子。例如：1.Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (過去分詞)5.I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因狀語從句）狀語的位置比較靈活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。狀語從句主要用來修飾主句或主句的謂語。盡管種類較多，但由于狀語從句與漢語結(jié)構(gòu)和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不難?，F(xiàn)分別列舉如下:1．地點狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：where特殊引導(dǎo)詞：wherever, anywhere, everywhereGenerally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.3．My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.Now that everybody has e, let’s begin our conference.The higher ine tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of m is quite remarkable.4．結(jié)果狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：so … that, so… that, such … that,特殊引導(dǎo)詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.6．讓步狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：though, although, even if, even though特殊引導(dǎo)詞：一般用在句首in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.盡管我很尊敬他，The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.He won’t listen whatever you may say.8． just as …， A is to B what /as X is to Y。 not A so much as BShe is as badtempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.Food is to men what oil is to machine.9．從句中的主語和be動詞?？墒÷?。例如：I’m taller than he (is tall ).The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ).就狀語從句而言,有時為了使語言言簡意賅,常常將狀語從句進(jìn)行簡化。因此,有必要對其進(jìn)行全面、透徹的了解。②由although, though, even if / though等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。④由as, as if等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句。下面針對這五種情形作一歸納。例如:If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the ,他會幫你擺脫困境。(2)當(dāng)狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致時,從句可以將主語和be動詞簡化掉。Whenever (she is) free, she often goes 。ll ,老大徒傷悲。Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous ,而現(xiàn)在是位著名的導(dǎo)演了。Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good ,但他仍然沒有取得好成績。t go there with us unless (he is) ,否則他不會和我們一道去那里。+不定式He stood up as if (he were) to say 。t solve the problem even if (he were) to take ,他也解決不了這個問題。連詞+介詞短語She looked anxious as though (she was) in ,好像遇到了麻煩。注意:當(dāng)從句主語和主句主語不一致時,從句部分要么用完全形式,要么用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)。(=The meeting over,….)第四章 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)一　全部倒裝　全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：　1. here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, e, go, lie, run。　　2) Then came the chairman.　然后主席就來了　　3) Here is your letter.　這是你的信。例如：　　1) Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.　轟炸機(jī)下面發(fā)出了一顆導(dǎo)彈。例如：　　1) Here he es. 他來了。二　部分倒裝　 部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前?！?，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等?！　?) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.　你在哪兒都不會找到這個問題的答案。　注意：當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。例如：　　1) I have never seen such a 。t leave the room until the child fell 。常見的詞語有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly … when , no sooner …than …等?！?2) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她剛要出門時有個學(xué)生來找她。　注意：只有當(dāng)Not only… but also連接兩個分句時，才在第一個分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：　 Not only you but also I am fond of music.　我和你都喜歡音樂。例如：　 1) Tom can speak French. So can Jack.　Tom能說法語，我也能。t go, neither will I.　如果你不去，我也不去。意為的確如此?！?2) It39?！〉拇_很大。例如： 　 Only in this way, can you learn English ?！∽⒁猓喝绻渥訛橹鲝膹?fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝　 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常嚴(yán)重時才會臥床休息。此時應(yīng)注意：1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞；2) 句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。例如：　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.　盡管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像從來都不能令他的工作満意。四　其他部分倒裝 　1. so… that 句型中的so 位于句首時，需倒裝?！?.　在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：　　May you all be happy.　望大家開心愉快。例如：　 Were I you, I would try it again.　如果我是你，我就再試一次。 It 作形式主語的常見句型： 1. 代作主語的動詞不定式，其句型為 (1) It be adj. (for sb.) to do sth. 此處adj. 通常為描述事件的形容詞：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wron