【正文】 ou(你們)them (他們,她們,它們)主格用來作句子的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。如：Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰(shuí)教你們的英語(yǔ)？) Help me!(救救我！) We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫信)人稱代詞作表語(yǔ)或者放在比較狀語(yǔ)從句連詞than或as之后時(shí),可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語(yǔ)中大多用賓格。) 三個(gè)不同人稱同時(shí)出現(xiàn),或者主語(yǔ)中包含“我”時(shí),按照“you→he→I”的順序表達(dá)。如：What’s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣？)—It’s fine.(天氣晴好) What’s the time?(幾點(diǎn)啦？) –It’s 12：00.(12點(diǎn)) It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好長(zhǎng)的路) It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時(shí)間) It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時(shí)候能進(jìn)入太空) We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺要學(xué)好一門外語(yǔ)是非常困難的)物主代詞：說明事物所屬關(guān)系的代詞,分為形容詞性和名詞性兩種。如：Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎？) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經(jīng)常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書)名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或者表語(yǔ),后面千萬(wàn)不可以跟名詞。如：A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個(gè)朋友昨天來看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個(gè)來看我。)反身代詞：表示謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作與主語(yǔ)有關(guān)或者賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作與賓語(yǔ)有關(guān)。它的基本含義是：通過反身代詞指代主語(yǔ)，使施動(dòng)者把動(dòng)作在形式上反射到施動(dòng)者自己。第一人稱單數(shù)第二人稱單數(shù)第三人稱單數(shù)第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)第二人稱復(fù)數(shù)第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)陽(yáng)性陰性中性myself(我自己)yourself(你自己)himself(他自己)herself(她自己)itself(它自己)ourselves(我們自己)yourselves(你們自己)themselves (他們/她們/它們自己)反身代詞在句子中作賓語(yǔ)表示反射(指一個(gè)動(dòng)作回到該動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者本身)。如：The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒有講好) 指示代詞： 指示說明近處或者遠(yuǎn)處、上文或者下文、以前或者現(xiàn)在的人或事物。如：What’s this?(這是什么？) That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飛機(jī)是塑料做的)(被動(dòng)句) Remember never to do such things.(記得永遠(yuǎn)不要做這樣的事情)Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老師說的做)Who is it?(是誰(shuí)？) It’s me!(是我！)關(guān)系代詞：用來引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的代詞叫關(guān)系代詞,參見后面的定語(yǔ)從句。英語(yǔ)中的關(guān)系代詞一方面在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分,另一方面又起連接作用。如：Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)戴著紅帽子的男人嗎？)關(guān)系代詞which 指物,如果作從句的賓語(yǔ),則有時(shí)省略。如：Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank ?(你看得見順著河跑的男人/狗了嗎？)連接代詞：用來引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞稱連接代詞。詳見相應(yīng)從句。單數(shù)含義someanynonone//each(every)oneeither,neithersothe other,another復(fù)合不定代詞不可數(shù)含義muchlittle,a littleall/////復(fù)數(shù)含義manyfew,a fewonesbothothers,the others注：復(fù)合不定代詞有12個(gè)：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(沒事),nobody(沒有人), no one(沒有人), everything(一切), everyone(每個(gè)人), everybody(每個(gè)人). (1)some和 any 的用法：some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“幾個(gè)”、“一些”、“某個(gè)”作定語(yǔ)時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡嗎？)any 一般用于疑問句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一個(gè)”,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。Come here with any friend.(隨便帶什么朋友來吧。如：There is no time left. Please hurry up.(沒有時(shí)間了,請(qǐng)快點(diǎn)) They had no reading books to lend.(他們沒有閱讀用書可以出借)none只能獨(dú)立使用,在句子中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ),意思是“沒有一個(gè)人(或事物)”,表示復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)。both指兩個(gè)人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞。如：I know all of the four British students in their school.(他們學(xué)校里四個(gè)英國(guó)學(xué)生我全認(rèn)識(shí)) / Would you like this one or that one? –Both.(你要這個(gè)還是那個(gè)？?jī)蓚€(gè)都要。如：All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都調(diào)皮)(4) every和each用法：every是形容詞,只能作定語(yǔ)修飾單數(shù)名詞,意思是“每一個(gè)”,表示整體概念；each是形容詞、代詞,可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等,意思是“每個(gè)”或者“各個(gè)”,表示單個(gè)概念；each可以放在名詞前,可以后跟of短語(yǔ),與動(dòng)詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)要放在“be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”之后或者行為動(dòng)詞之前every和each都用作單數(shù)理解,但是下文中既可以用單數(shù)的代詞(如he/him/his)也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的代詞(如they/them/their)替代。neither和either在句子中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)等,都用作單數(shù)。)(6) other、the other和another的用法：other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有復(fù)數(shù)形式。another意思是“另外”、“又一個(gè)”,表示增加,在句中可作賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。如： This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?(這是你的一只襪子,還有一只呢？) / I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another.(我已經(jīng)吃了4塊蛋糕,但是我還要以塊。如：A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.(有幾個(gè)學(xué)生在踢足球,其他一些人在觀看) / Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十個(gè)男孩中有兩個(gè)站著,其他人都圍著他們坐著。它們?cè)诰渲锌勺髦髡Z(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)等。) /Many died in the bus accident.(許多人在公交車禍中喪失) / We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的幫助之下我們能學(xué)到很多) many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of。)(8) few、little、a few、a little的用法：few、little意思是“很少幾個(gè)”、“幾乎沒有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有幾個(gè)”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ；few、a few與可數(shù)名詞連用或代替可數(shù)的事物, little、a little與不可數(shù)名詞連用或代替不可數(shù)的事物。如：He is very poor and he has little money.(他很窮,幾乎沒有什么錢。)In that polar region there live few people.(在那個(gè)極地地區(qū)幾乎不住人) You can get a few sweets from him.(你可以從他那兒弄到一些糖果)(9)復(fù)合不定代詞somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等是由some , any ,no ,every, 加上body, thing 構(gòu)成的,叫做復(fù)合不定代詞,在句子中當(dāng)單數(shù)使用。修飾復(fù)合不定代詞的定語(yǔ),應(yīng)放在它們的后面。) /Di(每個(gè)人)d you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday?(上個(gè)星期天你來學(xué)校時(shí)見到什么人了嗎？)/He has nothing much to do today.(他今天沒有多少事情做)(10) one與ones用來代替上文的一個(gè)或多個(gè)人或事物,前面可以加冠詞、形容詞、指示代詞which等。如： I don’t think so.(我認(rèn)為不是這樣的。) (12) a lot of、lots of、a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of的區(qū)別：五個(gè)“名詞+介詞”短語(yǔ)都表示“大量,許多”,a lot of(或lots of)既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,可以相應(yīng)地?fù)Q為much和many；plenty of“足夠、大量”,既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。 a great deal of只可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞(它修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式)可以換為much。) I don’t have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.(我用不著趕忙,因?yàn)槲矣谐渥愕臅r(shí)間。) (13) none、no one、nobody的區(qū)別：no one和nobody都表示“沒有人”,僅指人,后面不跟of 短語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式；none表示“沒有一個(gè)人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)。)None of my friends came to see me that day.(那天沒有一個(gè)朋友來看我。each other ,one another是相互代詞,譯成“互相”,可以通用。它們有所有格形式each other’s ,one another’s。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他們坐在那兒,互相都不說話。who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑問句中,一般放在句首。如：Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀請(qǐng)了誰(shuí)參加你的生日聚會(huì)的？) What does she want to be when she grows up?(她長(zhǎng)大了想干什么？)who 和whom只能獨(dú)立使用,其中who可以作句子的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),whom只能作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)；而what、which、whose等既可以獨(dú)立使用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),也可以與名詞構(gòu)成疑問短語(yǔ)。如：People there live a very sad life.(那里的人生活凄慘) →Which people live a sad life? (哪些人生活凄慘？)Which hotel have you booked for your holiday?(為了度假你預(yù)訂了哪家旅館？)—The biggest one in Haikou.(?？谧畲蟮哪羌衣灭^)疑問代詞不分單復(fù)數(shù),視它所替代的人或事物決定單復(fù)數(shù),但是通常用單數(shù)；如果修飾名詞,則以名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)為準(zhǔn)。英語(yǔ)的數(shù)詞可以作句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。 英語(yǔ)中常用的基數(shù)詞有：123456789101112onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelve13141516171819thirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteen