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2025-02-26 17:46本頁面
【正文】 have all brought with them not only appalling scenes of devastation, death and suffering, but also outrage at lack of preparations to avoid or copy with these disasters. Now even the birds of the air are a threat, we are told. The migrating flock visible on the horizon at sunset, once a consoling reminder of the eternal rhythms of nature, could be carrying the virus which might soon kill tens of millions of people. Given the many fingers pointed at governments in the wake of other disasters this year, it is hardly surprising that they are scrambling to respond to the threat posed by avian influenza. After confirmation this week that the H5N1 strain of bird flu,which has been spreading quickly in Asia, has been discovered in Romania and perhaps Greece, European Union foreign ministers convened and emergency meeting. President Ge Bush, still smarting from a torrent of criticism of his government39。) Just as scarcity is an economic fact of life, so is petition. If you set out to sell a product or service in a freemarket society, chances are that someone else will be trying to sell something similar. And because potential customers are free to buy where they please, you must peter with your rivals for those customers39。s and Burger King, Launched a fullscale price war by reducing the price of its tacos and burritos from 79 and 89 cents to 59 cents. When scales jumped by 27 percent, it slashed prices on 16 of its 23 menu items, and scales climbed another 19 percent, Meanwhile,sales in the fastfood business in general increased by only 3%. The catch, of course, is that Taco Bell now gets less money for almost every item it sells, and it still has to cover the same expensesbuying ingredients, paying employees, and so forth. How can the pany charge less and still make a worthwhile profit? The answer is that the lower price attracts more customers. Even though Taco Bell makes less on each item, it39。s followed suit by offering lower prices on certain items and special meal binations......, Now everybody in the fastfoodbusiness is feeling the profit squeeze. So what are they all doing? They39。) Exporting goods to overseas markets on deferred payment terms brings with it two types of credit risk for the exporter: mercial or buyer risk(for example, the buyer beintg insolvent or failing to pay for same other reason) and political or nonbuyer risk(for example, actions of overseas governments or other events such as war or civil unrest of natural disasters which prevent the buyer from paying).Depending on the length time for which credit is extented, export credits are traditionally divided into shortterm(under two years), mediumterm(two to five years) and longterm(over five years) credits. Arrangements are available which enable an exporter to limit these export credit risks. The arrangements take a number of forms but legally they are in essence wither contracts of insurance or guaranteesalthough they are often loosely referred to as export credit guarantee irrespective of their actual legal form. In a socalled buyer credit arrangement, the exporter arranges for a financial institution to make a loan to the overseas buyer to enable him to purchase the exports and for that loan to be guaranteed or insured against nonpayment. In a socalled supplier credit, the exporter( or supplier ) extends credit to the buyer himself ann then arranges for insurance or guarantee against nonpayment. In effect, the export credit guarantee serves a purpose similar to that of a confirmed credit. But there are two important differences between the instruments. First, while a confirmed credit is furnished by the seller and the premium is paid by him. Secondly, a confirmed credit enables the seller to obtain the price of the goods against the tender of the required documents irrespective of a dispute relation to the goods. In contrast, the export credit guarantee does not always cover the seller where the buyer39。 however, they cede authority on trade when they perceive cooperation to be in their interest. For example, countries have surrendered elements of their
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