【正文】 √ 10√ 三、簡答題 1．應(yīng)根據(jù)什么原則采取防止土體滲透破壞的措施？ 答：防止土體滲 透破壞的原則一是改變滲流的動力條件，使其實際水力梯度減小到允許的程度；二是改善巖土性質(zhì)，增強其抗?jié)B能力。 ？如何根據(jù)等水位線確定水流方向和水力梯度？ 答：潛水面的形狀可用等高線圖表示，即為潛水等水位線圖。在潛水的流向上，相鄰兩等水位線的高程與水平距離之比值，即為該距離段內(nèi)潛水的水力梯度。當基礎(chǔ)埋深有變化時，應(yīng)采用臺階，盡量不采用柱廊或獨立柱；加強基礎(chǔ)剛度和上部結(jié)構(gòu)強度。 4． 基本烈度、場地烈度和設(shè)防烈度在工程應(yīng)用方面有何不同？ 答：基本烈度是指在今后一定時期內(nèi)，某一地區(qū)在一般場地條件下可能遭遇的最大地震烈度 。根據(jù)本地區(qū)的基本烈度，考慮場地條 件調(diào)整后的烈度是場地烈度。 5． 崩塌及滑坡的形成條件是什么？ 答： 1）斜坡中出現(xiàn)了與外界連續(xù)貫通的破裂面 2）沿著連續(xù)貫通的破裂面總下滑力超過總抗滑力 四．論述題 1． 敘述地震效應(yīng)及其所包含各要素 。地震效應(yīng)包括；地震力效應(yīng)、地震破裂效應(yīng)、地震液化效應(yīng)和地震激發(fā)地質(zhì)災(zāi)害的效應(yīng)等 地震力效應(yīng)：地震可使建（構(gòu)）筑物 受到一種慣性力的作用，這種力稱為地震力。 地震破裂效應(yīng)：在震源處以震波的形式傳播于周圍的地層上，引起相鄰巖石振動。 地震液化效應(yīng)：干的松散粉細砂土受到震動時有變得更為緊密的趨勢，但當粉細砂土層飽和時，即孔隙全部為水充填時，振動使得飽和和砂土中的孔隙水壓力驟然上升，而在地 震過程的短暫時間內(nèi)，驟然上升的孔隙水壓力來不及消散，這就是使原來由砂 粒通過其接觸點所傳遞的壓力減小，當有效壓力完全消失時，砂土層完全喪失抗剪強度和承載能力，變成像液體一樣的狀態(tài)。 形成性考核冊 作業(yè) 4 一、選擇題 1D 2A 3B 4A 5A 6A 7A 8D 9B 10B 11C 12A 13B 14A 15A 二、判斷題 1 2 3 √ 4 √ 5 √ 6 7 8 √ 9 10 √ 三、簡答題 1． 選擇洞軸線位置時應(yīng)考慮哪些因素？ 答：選擇洞軸線位置應(yīng)考慮（ 1）地形：應(yīng)注意利用地形、方便施工。（ 3）地質(zhì)構(gòu)造條件：應(yīng)考慮在大塊而完整巖體中布置軸線；應(yīng)注意分析洞軸線與巖層產(chǎn)狀、褶皺地層的走向的關(guān)系。 2． 保障圍巖穩(wěn)定性的兩種途徑是什么 ？ 答： 保障圍巖穩(wěn) 定性的途徑有二：一是保護圍巖原有穩(wěn)定性，使之不至于降低；二是提高巖體整體強度，使其穩(wěn)定性有所增高。 3． 衡量膨脹土特性的指標有哪些？各自的物理意義是什么？ 膨脹土工程特性指標主要有四個：自由膨脹率 δef 、膨脹率 δep 、收縮系數(shù) λs和膨脹力 Pe 物理意義 ： 自由膨脹率是指人工制備的土樣，完全烘干后，在水中增大的體積與其原有體積之比； 膨脹率是指原狀土樣在一定壓力下浸水膨脹穩(wěn)定后所增加的高度與原始高度之比； 收縮系數(shù)是指原狀土樣在直線收縮階段，含水量 減少 1%時的豎向收縮變形的線縮率； 膨脹力是指原狀土樣在體積不變時，由于浸水膨脹而產(chǎn)生的最大內(nèi)應(yīng)力，可由壓力與膨脹率的關(guān)系曲線來確定，它等于曲線上當為零時所對應(yīng)的壓力。 5． 巖土工程分析評價的主要包括的內(nèi)容有哪些？ 答：見教材 P164 四．論述題 1． 分析巖體破壞的機理及漸進破壞。 an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for reuptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nervetonerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on nonvoluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells。 in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are ?muscarinic‘。s disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade。, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. Jackson Pollock39。s first oneman show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely plicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original styles—the former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, and Mark Rothko。 the use of huge canvases。 the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting。 and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. The movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. Its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the American art scene. Science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the plas to studying molecules and viruses. Beginning with the Greeks and Hipparchus, continuing through Ptolemy, Copernicus and Galileo, and today with our work on the International Space Station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. From here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. To truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen by studying the c