【正文】 nd to regularise the internal clocks to the more convenient 24 hour period. “one timing system es from… 。 6 此句意思：一個定時系統(tǒng)來自我們的感官和胃腸饑餓感以及我們在某個特定時區(qū)所經受的周期性變化 “The other belongs in our internal clocks …” ， which 引導定語從句修飾 our internal ， left alone 是過去分詞詞組作條件狀語，相當于條件狀語從句 If it is left 中的定語從句也修飾 our internal clocks. 此句意思：另一個定時系統(tǒng)在我們的體內時鐘內（其 中一個主要時鐘可能位于我們大腦的稱為超交叉核的那部分中）這些體內時鐘在不受干擾時，會使人體有一個 25小時 ——是的， 25小時 ——的生理節(jié)奏。 連接讓步狀語從句，意為 “盡管，雖然 ”全句的大意是：盡管兩個鬧鐘通常同時報時，但現(xiàn)在則在不同時間報時。經過一段時間后，生理系統(tǒng)將會自我調整過來，但這需要時間。 One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors. （ 13） The hormone cortisol， which controls salt and water excretion， is made in the morning， wherever the body is. But the growth hormone is released during sleep， whenever in the day that sleep occurs. （ 14 ） Normally these two hormones are separated by seven or eight hours， but if the body arrives at a destination in the early morning （ local） and goes to sleep as soon as possible， the two hormones will be released simultaneously. 表語從句， that 引導一個從句作表語。 引導時間狀語從句。 7 What can we do about it？ It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone. Fortunately there is a short cut. It relies on two things the power of the stomach to regulate the timing of other events， and the pharmacological actions of coffee. The basic assumptions are： Coffee delays the body clock in the morning， and advances it at night. Coffee at midafternoon is neutral. （ 15） neutral 意為 “中性的 ”，在這里是與上文的 delay 和 advance 相對，表示 “既不推遲，也不提前 ” 譯為：下午三點左右喝咖啡對人體時鐘不起作用。 Children?s attention span is poor. 兒童的注意力集中時間很短。 fade v. 凋謝，枯萎，褪色，（聲音等）變弱 例： The voice on the radio faded out. 收音機里面的聲音逐漸小了。 ： a. 中等的，適度的，溫和的 I?m a moderate drinker .我是一個飲酒適量的人。 ： n. 財政，金融；資金，經費 派生詞： financial a . 財政的，金融的 We?ve had some difficulty raising finance for the project. 我們在為這個項目籌集資金的過程中遇到過一些困難。 ： vt 欣賞，鑒賞，感激，感謝 派生詞： appreciation n. 欣賞，鑒賞 用法： appreciate 后接動名詞作賓語。 You can?t appreciate English poetry unless you understand its rhythm. 你不懂英文詩的韻律，就不能欣賞英文詩。 對 … 很有益； keep … 。 Your attention span varies Even with the greatest effort， our span of attention fluctuates. You can demonstrate for yourself this fluctuation of attention. In a quiet room， place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard. ? Listen carefully and notice how the ticking increases in apparent intensity， fades to a point where it cannot be heard， and then increases again.? This phenomenon reveals how our span of attention fluctuates， for the intensity of the 10 ticking is actually constant. a quiet room， place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard. 該句主句是祈使句 place a watch so that 引導目的狀語從句 譯文：在一個安靜的房間里，放一塊表，表的聲音幾乎剛剛能聽見。 You pay attention to one thing at a time Evidence to date indicates that you attend to one idea at a time. It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once.? But apparently this is only an illusion. In high concentration the shift from the focus of attention is of short duration and relatively infrequent. is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once. so …that… 結果狀語從句 全句意為：你的注意有可能轉移得十分迅速，以至于好像你同時能夠專心于幾個想法。 Lack of concentration is a symptom， not the cause， of difficulty. When a student says “I can?t concentrate”， what he is really saying is， “I can?t attend to the task at hand because my distractors are too strong.” 11 DISTARCTORS ARE OF TWO SORTS PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL A distractor is anything which causes attention to vary from a central focal point. In the study situation distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature. ? Both types of distractors must be understood before the student can attempt to remedy his lack of concentration. In the study situation distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature. thought of as 把 … 看作，認為 … 譯文：在學習的情況下，干擾物實際上可以被認為是心理的或者是物質的。 Emotional reaction varies greatly from person to person.? Some person gain goal and direction from their tensions and actually do better because of them . Others fall apart under pressure ， while a few people do well despite the pressure. reaction varies greatly from person to person. vary … from … 。 Physical distractors are always present and rarely understood Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think.? Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.? One research report has shown that prehension and retention of reading were decreased when students listened to lively music. However， rate of reading was not affected ， so that many students were not aware that they were affected by the background distractor. Another study found that the ability to recall accurately was affected by distracting conditions. Most of the evidence indicates that noise affects adversely higher mental task output. Still， the effect of distractors is seldom fully appreciated by students. environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think. 12 本句中 much more … than … 結構表示 “遠比 … 要 … 得多 ”， … 。 is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks. 此句是倒裝句結構，正常語序為： This is particularly true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks. 全句大意為：物理性干擾對需要動腦筋完成的作業(yè)的影響尤其如此。 EXCEPTIONS MAY MISLEAD YOU Typically when students are faced with the evidence on distractors the argument is given that their cousin， friend， or classmate can study in “Grand Central Station.”⑵ And he makes “all A?s” too！ There is evidence， of course. That