【正文】 amed into cities where manufacturing and businesses boom. The migration of labor from agricultural to nonagricultural industries has increased the average ine of rural people as migrant workers send a significant portion of their ine back home. At the same time, rural migrant laborers have made great contributions to economic growth by plementing the labor force of cities and providing lowcost work. However, the benefits from economic growth have not been fairly shared between urban and migrant workers, and clear disparities exist in China39。s urban and rural labor markets. It is estimated that between 12 and 15 million nonfarm jobs will be required annually just to absorb this surplus labor. Rural migrants generally make less money, receive far fewer benefits, and have no health insurance. Most live in precarious dormitories provided by their employers if they have any housing. Rural surplus laborers who moved to urban 金融危機下農民工就業(yè)問題分析 1 areas are called mingong to mark their difference from the citydwelling workers. Rural migrants are treated as strangers and outsiders in cities. They are denied formal urban membership and substantive rights and their children are largely prohibited from attending city schools. The urban–rural disparities in China39。s urban labor market? To answer these questions, a survey of employees was conducted from October to December 2021 in Tianjin, one of the four central government municipalities in China. We found that, in addition to economic and socialdemographic factors such as ownership of business, education, experience, and age, the restrictive hukou system has negatively influenced migrants39。 many find it worthwhile to leave their villages for cities. The 2021 population census data show that 金融危機下農民工就業(yè)問題分析 2 million rural residents in China, or % of the total population, moved into cities and towns, in 2021. The massive rural–urban migration since 1980 can be broadly attributed to the huge surplus of rural labor, widening ine and consumption disparities between rural and urban residents, and heavy taxation on the agricultural sector. The rapid expansion of China39。 ine. Even worse, the agricultural taxation is regressive. For example, in 1996, the tax rate was % for rural families with an annual ine between 400 and 500 yuan, but only % for those with ines of 2500 to 5000. The high tax on farmers39。 Hughes, 2021。 Mason, 2021), but Dong and Bowles (2021) found that wage discrimination against women and migrant workers exists across ownership types. Significant sorting of rural labor migrants exist by occupation, sector, gender,age, marital status, education, and, especially, region of origin (see Roberts, 2021). 3. Discussion and conclusion Rural–urban migration has bee a socioeconomic phenomenon in China since the late 1980s. This study examines factors of rural–urban migration, migrant characteristics, and the determinants of wages. Since the late 1980s, the labor surp