【正文】 destinations. The principles of the diamond model can be bined with cluster theory to provide a more prehensive and balanced approach to regional economic development and the role of tourism within it. However, the conceptualisation of the sectors involved in tourism works and the nature of their interrelationships in a cluster is not easily standardized. The plexity of the cluster concept suggests that no single definition or methodology is universally correct but varies depending on the economic sector analyzed and on its strategic practices and policies. Considering the main aims of the paper, we have decided to focus on some of the key aspects of tourism and convention destinations: hospitality, acmodation, convention services, educational institutions, transport, population and local resources (Fig. 1). Our original conceptual model is the basis for designing an empirical methodology. Fig 1. The proposed conceptual model of locational petitive advantage in convention clusters The empirical analysis is conducted in two steps. Firstly, we suggest using the statistical technique of Cluster Analysis for identifying the municipalities with similar tourism and convention supply and locational resources. This statistical method enables the identification of the different typologies of CLSs and the evaluation of characteristics of CLSs that are in different stages of their convention production life cycle. Secondly, Quantile regression models are introduced to estimate the impact of local characteristics on the convention industry over the life cycle of a CLS. This approach investigates the different influences that local petitive advantage factors have on the conference industry in relation to the phases of a CLS life cycle. Lastly, model estimates have enabled us to propose managerial and political strategies that should be implemented to increase the petitiveness of the Italian convention system in the global market. 會(huì)展產(chǎn)業(yè)和目的群：意大利實(shí)證分析 作者：克 里斯蒂娜 使用集群理論的框架，并使用分?jǐn)?shù)位方法來(lái)評(píng)估意大利會(huì)展產(chǎn)業(yè)以及其 與當(dāng)?shù)鼗A(chǔ)設(shè)施和旅游產(chǎn)品供給之間的關(guān)系。并提出為了增強(qiáng)意大利會(huì)展業(yè)在全球市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的 管理 方法 和政治策略 。隨著產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，新企業(yè)、投資和服務(wù)企業(yè)也 隨之產(chǎn)生 。國(guó)土開(kāi)發(fā)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力對(duì)旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)也是非常重要的。為了增強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和在全球市場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)略定位，旅游目的地應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)建旅游網(wǎng)絡(luò)并對(duì)他們進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析。 工業(yè)區(qū)是在 不同 專業(yè) 領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行 生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的中小企業(yè)群 (Marshall,1966)。Hjalager,2021。Lazzeretti,2021)。旅游業(yè) 是一個(gè) 結(jié)構(gòu)松散的部門 ，通常以中小企業(yè)為基礎(chǔ) ， 而它的一個(gè)突出特點(diǎn)是在現(xiàn)有網(wǎng)絡(luò)中 具有 大量的參與性，但卻不 必 涉及相同的經(jīng)濟(jì)部門。最初使用 集群 理論的是波特 (1998)，他把 集群 定義為相互關(guān)聯(lián)的企業(yè)在地理上的集中，尤其是供應(yīng)商，旅游提供商和企業(yè) 的 相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)與相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)在特定領(lǐng)域 下 不僅是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手而且還是合作 伙伴 。 兩種理論的一些區(qū)別 也顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)了。而集群理論則 恰好相反，它涉及的是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的程度，但卻是不同產(chǎn)業(yè)之間對(duì)源于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)理論的極具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的商業(yè)道德 的共同理解 (Jackson ,Murphy,2021)。波特的 集群 理論能更好的應(yīng)用于協(xié)調(diào)同質(zhì)產(chǎn)品，那些 集群 參與者服務(wù)于不同的細(xì)分產(chǎn)業(yè)。在過(guò)去的十幾年里， 幾項(xiàng)研究 已經(jīng)應(yīng)用集群理論來(lái)探討旅游的角色對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)展的影響。Michael,2021。Tinsley,Lynch,2021。Nordin, 2021。Canina,Enz,Harrison,2021。Jackson,2021。 然而， Michael(2021)所強(qiáng)調(diào)的， 集群 理論在宏觀區(qū)域分析中是不適用的，現(xiàn)今在 進(jìn)行 小區(qū)域分析 時(shí) 仍存在一些缺點(diǎn)。所謂的對(duì)角集群 (Poon,1994)是互補(bǔ) 企業(yè) 的集合，每個(gè) 企業(yè) 增加其他 企業(yè)活動(dòng)的價(jià)值，即使他們的產(chǎn)品完全不同。對(duì)于旅游業(yè)及其他服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)，通常都是這樣的。互補(bǔ)的供應(yīng)商之間的協(xié)同定位增加了旅游體驗(yàn)的價(jià)值，反過(guò)來(lái)也可能成立，在那些缺乏主要服務(wù)的地區(qū)，其他 企業(yè) 的發(fā)展就受到了 限制 (Michael, 2021)。這樣，合作創(chuàng)建了聯(lián)盟以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以更好地使用技能和資源，鼓勵(lì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)創(chuàng)新以推動(dòng)當(dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)展。這是一個(gè)特別有趣的模型當(dāng)它應(yīng)用于 意大利 時(shí)，因?yàn)?意大利 擁護(hù)國(guó)家旅游立法主導(dǎo)的方針。當(dāng)?shù)芈糜蜗到y(tǒng)的定義反應(yīng)了 集群 理論范例在意大利旅游業(yè)的合作、整合和同質(zhì)性原則，這可能對(duì)探索一些有趣的問(wèn)題會(huì)有幫助。在他的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力鉆石模型中，作者主要關(guān)注競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力優(yōu)勢(shì)的四個(gè)要素：（ 1）旅游興趣的質(zhì)量、水平和本質(zhì)方面的需求情況；（ 2）當(dāng)?shù)匾蛩貤l件， 例如 當(dāng)?shù)氐淖匀毁Y源和區(qū)位；（ 3）旅游相關(guān)及支持產(chǎn)業(yè)，包括住宿業(yè)、餐飲點(diǎn)，景區(qū)，交通和各種政府機(jī)構(gòu)。這一概念模型應(yīng)用于旅游業(yè)和會(huì)展目的地 是 非常有用。 然而，包含在旅游網(wǎng)絡(luò)部分的概念化和在 集群 中他們之間內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的本質(zhì)很難標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化?？紤]到本文的主旨，我們決定集中研究旅游和會(huì)展目的地的一些關(guān)鍵要點(diǎn)：酒店，住宿，會(huì)展服務(wù)，教育機(jī)構(gòu)，交通，人口和當(dāng)?shù)刭Y源 (圖 1)。 需求條件 ? 服務(wù)業(yè) ? 飯店 ? 技術(shù)服務(wù)公司 ? 餐飲企業(yè) ? 休閑產(chǎn)業(yè) ? 會(huì)議服務(wù) ? 會(huì)議機(jī)構(gòu) ? 飯店品質(zhì) 相關(guān)和支撐產(chǎn)業(yè) 條件要素 公司戰(zhàn)略和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的環(huán)境 ? 會(huì)議局， 農(nóng)業(yè)貿(mào)易政策 ? 國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng) ? 大學(xué) ? 自然資源 ? 人口 圖 1 會(huì)展集群的地方 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的概念模型 實(shí)證分析分兩個(gè)步驟。這個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)方法能夠識(shí)別不同類型的當(dāng)?shù)貢?huì)展區(qū)域和評(píng)估在會(huì)展產(chǎn)品生命周期的不同階段 的情況 ，當(dāng)?shù)貢?huì)展區(qū)域的特性。這個(gè)方法用來(lái)探究本土競(jìng)爭(zhēng)因素對(duì)與當(dāng)?shù)貐^(qū)域會(huì)展生命周期階段有關(guān)的會(huì)展產(chǎn)業(yè) 的不同影響 。 外文翻譯之二 ： Conference and Exhibition Tourism in the Developing World: The South African Experience Author: Christian M. Rogerson Nationality: South Africa Adapted from: Urban forum,2021,16 Conferences and exhibitions are usually treated together rather than as two separate activities because there is an increasing convergence between them (Law,1987: 86). Traditionally, many conferences include exhibitions and exhibitions often give rise to conferences. None the less, as Law (1987: 87) observes the apogee of convergence between conferences and exhibitions is the emergence of the multipurpose 39。 which consists of several large venues which can be used flexibly either for conference or exhibition purposes. Hiller (1995: 375) argues that conferences and exhibitions are a special kind of tourism as theoretically they represent the propelling factor for attendance rather than the characteristics of the destination itself. The meeting, convention or exhibition serves as the primary purpose for travel and the focus is a multifaceted event of a fixed time duration that involves speakers, seminars, workshops, exhibitions, banquets, association meetings and social events. Accordingly, the conference or exhibition event is, therefore, interpreted as markedly different from other forms of business travel in which the primary purpose is individual o