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性頂出的需要,避免緊固件暴露在表面操作位置上,防止碰傷人手和妨礙操作。近年來(lái),冷沖模具工業(yè)一直以 15%左右的增長(zhǎng)速度快速發(fā)展,冷沖模具工業(yè)企業(yè)的所有制成分也發(fā)生了巨大變化,除了國(guó)有專業(yè)模具廠外,集體、合資、獨(dú)資和私營(yíng)也得到了快速發(fā)展。而冷沖模具制造是整個(gè)鏈條中最基礎(chǔ)的要素之一,冷沖模具制造技術(shù)現(xiàn)已成為衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家制造業(yè)水平高低的重要標(biāo)志,并在很大程度上決定企業(yè)的生存空間。一些國(guó)內(nèi)模具企業(yè)已普及了二維 CAD,并陸續(xù)開(kāi)始使用 UG、 Pro/Engineer、 IDEAS、 EuclidIS 等國(guó)際通用軟件,個(gè)別廠家還引進(jìn)了 Moldflow、 CFlow、 DYNAFORM、 Optris 和 MAGMASOFT 等 CAE 軟件,并成功應(yīng)用于沖壓模的設(shè)計(jì)中。此外,許多研究機(jī)構(gòu)和大專院校開(kāi)展模具技術(shù)的研究和開(kāi)發(fā)。 雖然中國(guó)冷沖模具工業(yè)在過(guò)去十多年中取得了令人矚目的發(fā)展,但許多方 面與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比仍有較大的差距。 隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步 ,現(xiàn)代工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)日益復(fù)雜與多樣化 ,產(chǎn)品性能和質(zhì)量也在不斷提高 ,因而對(duì)冷沖壓技術(shù)提出了更高的要求 .為了使冷沖壓技術(shù)能適應(yīng)各工業(yè)部門的需要 ,冷沖壓技術(shù)自身也在不斷革新和發(fā)展 .冷沖壓技術(shù)的發(fā)展思路就是盡可能地完善和擴(kuò)充冷沖壓工藝的優(yōu)點(diǎn) ,克服其缺點(diǎn) .在冷沖壓技術(shù)的發(fā)展過(guò)程中 ,應(yīng)注意以下幾方面: (1)冷沖壓技術(shù)的發(fā)展過(guò)程中應(yīng)正確地確定工藝參數(shù)及冷沖模具工作部分的形狀與尺寸 ,提高沖壓件的質(zhì)量、縮短新產(chǎn)品試制周期 ,應(yīng)在加強(qiáng)沖壓成形理論研究的基礎(chǔ)上 ,使沖壓成形理論達(dá)到能對(duì)生產(chǎn)實(shí)際起指導(dǎo)作用 ,逐步建立起一套密切結(jié)合生產(chǎn)實(shí)際的先進(jìn)的工藝分析計(jì)算方法 .國(guó)外已開(kāi)始采用彈塑性有限元法對(duì)汽車覆蓋零件的成形過(guò)程進(jìn)行應(yīng)力應(yīng)變分析和計(jì)算機(jī)模擬 ,以預(yù)測(cè)某一工藝方案對(duì)零件成形的可能性和可能出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題。 (3)滿足大量生產(chǎn)需要以及減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度 .應(yīng)加強(qiáng)冷沖壓生產(chǎn)的機(jī)械化和自動(dòng)化研究 ,使一般中、小件能在高速壓力機(jī)上采用多工位級(jí)進(jìn)模生產(chǎn) ,達(dá)到生產(chǎn)高度自動(dòng)化 ,進(jìn)一步提高沖壓的生產(chǎn)率。既能生產(chǎn)一般精度的產(chǎn)品 ,也能生產(chǎn)精密零件 .應(yīng)注意開(kāi)發(fā)如精密沖裁 (特別是厚料精沖 )、高能成形、軟模成形、施壓和超塑性加工等新成形工藝 ,還要推廣簡(jiǎn)易模 (軟模和低熔點(diǎn)合金模 )、通用組合模、數(shù)控沖床等設(shè)備的運(yùn)用。 冷沖模具使用壽命的影響及對(duì)策 冷沖模具的使用壽命是以沖制出的工件數(shù)量來(lái)計(jì)算的。主要有模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、制造模具所用凸模和凹模的材料、模具的熱處理質(zhì)量與表面強(qiáng)化、沖模零件的制造精度和冷沖壓材料的選取。 1.模具設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)壽命的影響 (1)排樣設(shè)計(jì)的影響排樣方法與搭邊值對(duì)模具壽命的影響很大,過(guò)小的搭邊值,往往是造成模具急劇磨損和凸、凹??袀闹匾?。在沖裁中有可能被拉人模具問(wèn)隙中,使零件產(chǎn)生毛刺,甚至損壞模具刃口,降低模具壽命。 (2)凹模結(jié)構(gòu)的影響對(duì)容易產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力集中而開(kāi)裂的凹模結(jié)構(gòu),可以采用組合結(jié)構(gòu)或鑲拼結(jié)構(gòu),以及預(yù)應(yīng)力結(jié)構(gòu),從而提高模具使用壽命。 因此,過(guò)小的間隙對(duì)模具壽命極為不利。因此又增加了沖裁力,進(jìn)而使刃口邊更快磨損,降低模具壽命。 (4)模具導(dǎo)向結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)壽命的影響可靠的導(dǎo)向?qū)τ跍p小工作零件的磨損,避免凸、凹??袀欠浅S行У摹樘岣吣>邏勖?,必須根據(jù)工序和零件精度要求,正確選擇導(dǎo)向形式和導(dǎo)向精度,所選擇導(dǎo)向精度應(yīng)高于凸、凹模的配合精度。冷沖壓材料表面質(zhì)量不好,沖壓時(shí)制件易破裂,也易擦傷模具。另外,材料的厚度公差應(yīng)符合國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。所以材料厚度不均勻,會(huì)導(dǎo)致廢品產(chǎn)生和模具損壞。其中,材料性質(zhì)和熱處理質(zhì)量影響最為明顯。如將同一種工件,使用不同的模具材料做彎曲試驗(yàn),試驗(yàn)結(jié)果:用 9Mn2V 材料,其壽命為 5 萬(wàn)次;用 Crl2MoV滲氮,其壽命可達(dá) 40 萬(wàn)次。模具工作零件的硬度對(duì)模具壽命的影響也很大。這是因?yàn)橛捕扰c強(qiáng)度、韌性及耐磨性等有密切的關(guān)系。如采用 T10 鋼制造沖模,硬度為 54~58HRC,只沖幾千次,制件毛刺就很大。但如果繼續(xù)提高硬度,則會(huì)出現(xiàn)早期斷裂。由此可見(jiàn),模具 硬度必須根據(jù)材料性質(zhì)和失效形式而定。 3.模具的熱處理質(zhì)量與表面強(qiáng)化對(duì)壽命的影響 模具的熱處理質(zhì)量對(duì)模具的性質(zhì)與使用壽命影響很大。根據(jù)模具失效原因的分析統(tǒng)計(jì),熱處理不當(dāng)引起的失效占 50% 以上。模具工作零件表面強(qiáng)化處理的目的 ,是獲得外硬內(nèi)韌的效果,從而得到硬度、耐磨性、韌性、耐疲勞強(qiáng)度的良好配合。除氮碳共滲和離子氮化、滲硼、滲鈮、滲釩、表面鍍硬鉻和電火花強(qiáng)化外,化學(xué)氣相沉積 (CVD)和物理氣相沉積 (PVD)已逐步采用。硬度極高、耐磨性、耐蝕性、抗黏合性很好,可提高模具壽命幾倍到幾十倍。如用 Crl2MoV 鋼制造落料模,如果表面粗糙度值 R =1. 6 m 時(shí),其壽命為 3 萬(wàn)件左右。因此,對(duì)模具工作零件表面,一般都要經(jīng)過(guò)磨削、研磨、拋光等精加工和精細(xì)加工。 (2)沖模在壓力機(jī)上安裝的正確與否及操作者的技術(shù)水平高低,對(duì)模具壽命也有很大影響。 6.結(jié)語(yǔ) 在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中,對(duì)于薄板沖模使用,很少出現(xiàn)非正常磨損的 情況。因?yàn)橐桓崩錄_模,從設(shè)計(jì)、加工制造、裝配、調(diào)試到安裝、使用,都耗費(fèi)了眾多工時(shí),同時(shí)沖模的凸、凹模使用的材料,大都是優(yōu)質(zhì)合金鋼。所以在生產(chǎn)中了解影響沖模壽命的因素及采取相應(yīng)的對(duì)策來(lái)指導(dǎo)生產(chǎn),具有重大的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。s role is to facilitate the pieces and clean up waste. Them by the spring, rubber and equipment, putting on the aircushion support, can move up and down, knocking out pieces of the design should have enough top output, movement to the limited spaces. Stripper plate area should be minimized or closed position in the operating groove milling out emptyhanded. Exposure of the stripper plate should have protection around the plate, to prevent finger inserted into or foreign objects inside, exposed surface edges should be blunt down. 4. Guide parts and guide sleeve guide pin is the most widely used part of a guide. Its role is to ensure punch the punching clearance when accurate match. Therefore, the guide posts, guide cover the gap should be less than the blanking clearance. Guide Post located next mold base, to ensure that the stroke bottom dead center, the lead column in the template on the face over the top for at least 5 to 10 mm. Guide columns should be arranged far away from the module and the pressure plate in the area, so the operator39。s manufacturing sector has bee an important symbol of the level, and largely determine the viability of enterprises. Die with enterprises to increase in recent years many technological advances for investment, technological progress will be seen as an important driving force for enterprise development. Some domestic enterprises have popularized the twodimensional mold CAD, and gradually began to use UG, Pro / Engineer, IDEAS, EuclidIS and other international mon software, individual manufacturers have also introduced Moldflow, CFlow, DYNAFORM, Optris and MAGMASOFT etc. CAE software, and successfully applied in stamping die design. A car cover mold as the representative of a large stamping die manufacturing technology has made great progress, Dongfeng Motor Corporation mold factory, mold manufacturers such as FAW mold center has been able to produce some car cover mold. In addition, many research institutions and universities to carry out technology research and development of mold. After years of effort, in the mold CAD / CAE / CAM technology has made remarkable progress。 CAD / CAE / CAM technology peration is not high。 both the general accuracy of product production, but also can produce precision parts. Should pay attention to development such as fine blanking (especially thick material fine blanking), forming highenergy, soft mold forming, pressure and processing new superplastic forming process, but also promote the easy mode (soft mode and the low melting point alloy mold), Universal Hybrid model, the use of CNC punch press and other equipment. In addition, the performance improvement of sheet metal stamping, mold new material, die development of new processing methods should be further strengthened. Die with life and Countermeasures Die with the life of the workpiece by punching out the number of terms. Many factors affect the life Die. There are die structure design, manufacture molds used in the punch and die materials, die quality and surface hardeni