【正文】 en separate objectives that have underscored loans schemes around the world (Ziderman 2021). For purposes of the present discussion, however, we restrict our focus to the three more pervasive purposes of loans schemes. These are: cost sharing (ine generation)。 some schemes have adjusted loan repayment conditions, such as interest rates, grace periods and repayment periods。外文題目： Student loans repayment and recover: international parisons 出 處： Higher Education 作 者： Adrian Ziderman , Hua Shen 原 文： Student loans repayment and recovery: international parisons Governmentsponsored student loans schemes are in place in some 70 countries and regions round the world. Student loans schemes, usually concerned with tertiary education, are of particular interest to governments because these schemes are able to contribute to the solution of a range of pressing policy problems that governments face. Student loans are able to relieve pressures on national budgets by facilitating greater cost sharing though the raising of tuition and other university fees. They both enable students to avoid the burden of the upfront payment of increased tuition fees, as well as enabling them to delay loan repayment until they are in receipt of the higher salaries that generally accrue to university graduates. Liberated resources can be used in areas of greater priority for society, both outside and within the education sector and notably basic education. Greater cost recovery can provide additional funds for the expansion of the university system, to acmodate increases in the social demand for tertiary education. Targeted at the disadvantaged, subsidized loans schemes may lead to greater access to university education for the poor and minority groups, thus contributing to social equity. And loans offered at favorable conditions for study in particular ?elds, can lead to a loosening of skilled manpower bottlenecks that inhibit social, economic and industrial development. Considerable differences are evident in loans schemes across countries. Schemes differ not only in the underlying objectives pursued, but also in such parameters as anizational structure, sources of initial funding, student coverage, loans allocation procedures and collection methods. However there is one element that is mon to almost all governmentsponsored loans schemes: they are highly subsidized by governments. This means that, unlike mercial loans, a sizeable proportion of the total loans outlay by the loans body, be it government department, loans scheme authority or mercial bank, will not be received back in repayment. This gap between total loan disbursements and overall loans recovery is accounted for by two elements. First, there are builtin interest rate subsidies, incorporated into the design of the loans scheme. And, second, there are inef?ciencies in running the scheme, in terms of substantial repayment default and high administration costs. A sizeable and sustained gap between disbursements and recovery implies continuing governmental ?nancial support. This is the case also where loans scheme capital is provided, not by government, but by such nongovernmental sources as the banking system。 here there is a need for ongoing government guarantees against default, in addition to interest rate subsidies. How large are these gaps across countries, in practice? A central objective of the present paper is to measure the size, and contributing factors, of this gap in 44 loans schemes worldwide. Has the gap changed in size over time? Many student loans schemes have undergone drastic reform in recent years. Some programs have moved from a traditional mortgagetype repayment model to inecontingency based repayment。 a few countries have revamped or even pletely replaced the loans programs. The results of the present study are pared with those of an earlier one relating to the early 1990s (Ziderman and Albre