【正文】 naire that asks them about their attitudes toward different film genres（風(fēng)格） and then you also record which films they actually attend. The measurement technique you are using is best described asA) selfreport measures.B) behavioral observations.C) naturalistic observations.D) a bination of selfreport and behavioral observations.Answer: D19) A clinical psychologist is working with the Federal Bureau of Investigation(1.（美國(guó)）聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局)（FBI） to develop an understanding of serial killers. She decides to focus her attention and measurements on a particularly brutal murderer who is serving a life sentence. Her approach is referred to as aA) case study. B) representative sample.C) withinsubjects design. D) naturalistic observation.Answer: A20) Imagine that you have agreed to participate in psychological research. Prior（先驗(yàn)的） to the study, you will be given information about what you can expect and other details of the research, and asked to sign a form indicating（指示） your willingness to participate. This process is known asA) debriefing. B) informed consent.（知情同意）C) risk/gain assessment. D) intentional deception.Answer: BII True or False 1) A theory is defined as an organized set of concepts（概念） that explains a phenomenon or set of phenomena.Answer: TRUE2) In order to minimize(.把…減至最低數(shù)量[程度]) the potential（潛在的） for bias, researchers must be certain that no variable in an experiment is operationally defined.（不可能做到）Answer: FALSE3) In an experiment, researchers manipulate（熟練操作） the dependent variable （因變量）and measure the independent variable.Answer: FALSE4) A doubleblind control is an experimental technique in which biased expectations are eliminated by only telling the experimental assistants which participants have received which treatment.Answer: FALSE5) In a withinsubjects research design, different groups of participants are randomly（隨便的） assigned to experimental conditions or to control conditions.Answer: FALSE6) The entire（全部） set of individuals to which generalizations will be made based on an experimental sample is called the population（總體）.Answer: TRUE7) The primary purpose of using correlational methods is to establish cause and effect relationships.（因果研究才是）Answer: FALSE8) If two variables are pletely unrelated to each other, they will yield a correlation coefficient（系數(shù)） of zero.Answer: TRUE9) Questionnaires and surveys are examples of selfreport measures.Answer: TRUEChapter 31) 1) Nature is to nurture （教養(yǎng)）as heredity（遺傳） is toA) evolution. B) aggression. C) environment. D) natural selection.Answer: C2) A prisoner is violent and hostile, although he wasn39。 valid（效度）C) consistent。s laboratory learns the importance of keeping plete records of observations and data analyses. Such procedures（程序） are followed in order toA) increase objectivity.（增大客觀性）B) increase subjectivity.C) increase observer bias.D) prevent other researchers from replicating a study.Answer: A5) An observer bias isA) an educated guess about what will happen.B) the direct result of the context of discovery.C) the direct result of the context of justification.D) an error due to personal motives and expectations.Answer: D6) If a researcher defines variables（變量） or conditions in terms of the specific（明確的） procedures used to determine their presence, he or she is using a(n) ________ definition.A) biased B) confounded C) operational D) hypotheticalAnswer: C7) A placebo effect （安慰劑效應(yīng)）occurs whenA) an experimenter finds what he or she expected to discover.B) participants have not been randomly assigned to experimental and control conditions.C) participants change their behavior because of their belief that a treatment has an effect.D) both participants and experimental assistants are unaware of which participants get which treatment.Answer: C8) When neither research participants nor research assistants are aware of which participants receive which treatment, researchers have employed aA) placebo control. B) betweensubjects design.C) singleblind control technique. D) doubleblind control technique.（雙盲控制技術(shù)）Answer: D9) When planning a study, you determine that of the one hundred participants, fifty will have to be randomly （隨便的）assigned to the experimental condition and the other fifty to the control condition. The type of experimental design you are using is known as a ________ design.A) placebo control B) singlesubject C) withinsubjects D) betweensubjectsAnswer: D10) Which of the following is true of the withinsubjects （被試內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)）experimental design?A) It is a type of betweensubjects design.B) There are no parison conditions in this design.C) There are two experimental groups and one control group.D) Each participant serves in all conditions of the experiment.Answer: D 11) A researcher is interested in the relationship between brain damage and the ability of humans to plan their behavior. Which type of research design would be most appropriate（合適的） for the researcher to use?A) placebo control B) experimental C) correlational（相關(guān)） D) withinsubjectsAnswer: C12) Imagine that your instructor asks you to determine whether there is a relationship between musical ability and mathematical ability. The type of design best suited to this task would be a(n)A) experiment. B) case study.C) correlational study（相關(guān)研究）. D) naturalistic observation.Answer: C13) With respect to psychological measurement, when data are consistent or dependable they are referred to as________, whereas the term ________ means that the information that is produced accurately measures the variable or quality that it is intended to measure.A) valid。s actions.II True or False F T F F T F F T T F1) Psychologists are trained to describe behavior from their own subjective（主觀的） point of view, making sure to include their own biases（偏見） and expectations in their observations.2) With respect to the goals of psycholo