【正文】 reinforced concrete(鋼筋混凝土 ),requires the determination of the overall proportions(整體比例 ) and dimensions of the supporting framework(支撐結(jié)構(gòu) ) and the selection of the cross sections of individual members. 建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計，不論是用結(jié)構(gòu)鋼還是用鋼筋混凝土材料，都要決定其整體比例和支撐結(jié)構(gòu)的大小，以及選擇單個構(gòu)件的截面尺寸。 The critical load(臨界荷載 ) is sometimes referred to as the Euler load(歐拉荷載 ) or the Euler buckling load(歐拉彎曲荷載 ). （ 4）圖 —— 應(yīng)變曲線不同于延性鋼的應(yīng)力 —— 應(yīng)變曲線，因為它有明顯的非 非線性區(qū)域。 Compression members(受壓構(gòu)件 ) are those structural elements that are subjected only to axial pression forces （ 2）公式 ，構(gòu)件必須是彈性的并且其兩端必須能自由轉(zhuǎn)動但不能橫向移動。 (10)Since it is virtually impossible to construct a frictionless pin connection, even this support condition can only be closely approximated at best. 因為實際上不可能構(gòu)建一個無摩擦銷連接，更不用說這個支撐條件至多只可以盡量近似。 (8)In 1947, FRShanley resolved the apparent inconsistencies in the original theory, and today the tangent modulus formula, , is accepted as the correct one for inelastic buckling. 1947 年， FRShanley 解決原有理論的表面不相容性，并且切線模量公式， ，被接受作為非彈性屈曲計算的正確公式。 (7)The tips of the flanges, for example, cool at a faster rate than the junction of the flange and the web. This uneven cooling induces stresses that remain permanently. 例如，輪緣的尖部比輪緣的結(jié)合部以及中部冷卻的速度更快。 (4)The ratio L/r is the slenderness ratio and is the measure of a pression member’s slenderness, with large values corresponding to slender members. L/r 這一比值是長細比，是受壓構(gòu)件的長細的量度，細長的構(gòu)件具有較大的值。Unite 1 Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . （ 1） Compression Members 受壓構(gòu)件 （ 2） critical buckling load 臨界屈曲荷載 （ 3） the slenderness ratio 細長比 （ 4） stub column 短柱 （ 5） reduced modulus 簡化模量 （ 6） Effective length 計算長度 （ 7） Residual stress 殘余應(yīng)力 （ 8） Trialanderror approach 試算法 （ 9） Radius of gyration 回轉(zhuǎn)半徑 （ 10） Tangent modulus 切線模量 Translate the following sentence into Chinese. (1)This ideal state is never achieved in reality, however, and some eccentricity of the load is inevitable. 然而，在現(xiàn)實中 ,這種理想狀態(tài)從來沒有實現(xiàn)，一些荷載偏心是不可避免的 (2)In many instances the members are also called upon to resist bending, and in these cases the member is a beamcolumn. 在許多情況下，構(gòu)件同樣需要能夠抵抗彎矩，在這些情況下，構(gòu)件被稱之為梁柱。 (3)If the member is so slender that the stress just before buckling is below the proportional limitthat is, the member is still elasticthe critical buckling load is given by Q. 如果該構(gòu)件很細長以至于在壓曲前的應(yīng)力低于比例極限 也就是說，該構(gòu)件仍然是彈性狀態(tài)該構(gòu)件的該臨界屈曲荷載就可以由公式 Q給出。 (5)If the stress at which buckling occurs is greater than the proportional limit of the material, the relation between stress and strain is not linear, and the modulus of elasticity E can no longer be used. 如果屈曲發(fā)生時的應(yīng)力超過了材料的比例極限，應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變之間的關(guān)系不再是線性的，彈性模量 E不能再使用 (6)If the member is more stocky, as the one in , a larger load will be required to bring the member to the point of instability. 如果構(gòu)件更粗壯，如圖 ，要把構(gòu)件到達不穩(wěn)定點，一個更大的荷載將被要求。這種不均勻冷卻引起的應(yīng)力會長久的存在。 (9)The posite curve, called a column strength curve, pletely describes the stability of any column of a given material. 這條復(fù)合曲線，被稱為柱強度曲線，完全描述了任何一個給定的材料柱的穩(wěn)定性。 Translate the following sentence into English. （ 1） 受壓構(gòu)件是只承受軸向壓力的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件。 For Eq to be valid, the member must be elastic, and its ends must by free to rotate(旋 轉(zhuǎn) ) but not translate laterally(側(cè)移 ). （ 3） 臨界荷載又是被稱為歐拉荷載或歐拉屈曲荷載。 The stressstrain curve in is different from the ones for ductile steel(延性鋼材 ) because it has a pronounced region(顯著區(qū)域 ) of nonlinearity. （ 5）其他因素，想焊接和冷彎，都能影響殘余應(yīng)力，但冷卻過程是殘余應(yīng)力的主要來源。 （ 2） The architect decides how the building should look。 （ 3） A good design requires the evaluation of several framing plans(框架平面圖 )that is, different arrangements of members and their connections. 一個好的設(shè)計，要求要評估不同的框架平面圖，也就是說，對構(gòu)件和它們之間的連接可進行不同的布置。it will usually be reinforced concrete ,structural steel ,or both. 然而，在做任何分析之前，必須決定建筑物的使用材料，通?？梢允卿摻罨炷?，結(jié)構(gòu)鋼，或者兩者公用。 （ 6） If the load is applied and removed many times over the life of the structure ,fatigue stress(疲勞應(yīng)力 ) bees a problem ,and we must account for its effects.