【正文】 優(yōu)勢(shì)，高功率密度等，以及相關(guān)的能力，具有窄的熱影響區(qū)做一個(gè)窄的焊縫，采用較低的熱輸入和焊接速度高，達(dá)到較低水平的殘余應(yīng)力和變形，同時(shí)消耗更少的填充材料[ 18 ]和[ 19 ]?？梢钥闯?，這些傳統(tǒng)的焊接技術(shù)相比，激光焊接一般采用較高的熱輸入，這會(huì)增加熱影響區(qū)寬度和焊后導(dǎo)致更大的扭曲和較高的殘余應(yīng)力。[ 13 ]發(fā)現(xiàn)，多通過(guò)SA533B鋼埋弧焊接，焊縫金屬的熱影響區(qū)寬度，分別為26和12毫米，分別。[ 16 ]報(bào)道常規(guī)看到3 kJ /毫米每通過(guò)一個(gè)熱輸入SA 508級(jí)3鋼的焊接。N et al.?的[ 14 ]研究評(píng)估應(yīng)力釋放在HAZ裂紋敏感性， kJ /毫米的熱輸入焊接140毫米厚的SA508 2級(jí)鋼。而電弧焊接技術(shù)以及建立這些組件，在高功率激光器的可用性增加，能夠以較高的焊接速度，減少焊接變形中厚截面鋼，（GTAW）和埋弧焊（SAW）[ 13 ]、[ 14 ]和[ 15 ]。無(wú)人機(jī)是采用焊接厚環(huán)形鍛件或SA508鋼板在一起。具有較高強(qiáng)度，韌性和抗輻照脆化的材料的需要是上升的，由于增加的發(fā)電容量和核電廠的設(shè)計(jì)壽命[ 1 ]，[ 2 ]，[ 3 ]，[ 4 ]，[ 5 ]，[ 7 ]，[ 8 ]和[ 6 ]。反應(yīng)堆壓力容器的壽命和安全運(yùn)行（RPV），這是核電站中最關(guān)鍵的部件之一?；谝苿?dòng)體熱的三維瞬態(tài)模型源模型也發(fā)展到模擬激光焊接熱循環(huán)，以估計(jì)冷卻速率的過(guò)程。在這種探索性的研究，為第一時(shí)間，自體激光焊接6毫米厚的進(jìn)行SA508 。工業(yè)用新方法在有限元程序LSDYNA 971實(shí)現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞： 核鋼穩(wěn)壓器 壓水反應(yīng)堆 反應(yīng)堆壓力容器 結(jié)構(gòu)完整性 焊接韌性SA508鋼通常用于民用核反應(yīng)堆的關(guān)鍵部件，如反應(yīng)堆壓力容器。計(jì)算的應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變狀態(tài)正確，它是必要的模型的擴(kuò)散和擴(kuò)散控制的相變現(xiàn)象，考慮到間接熱沖壓過(guò)程的邊界條件。在間接熱沖壓過(guò)程的情況下，生產(chǎn)性能與適應(yīng)車(chē)身部件，冷卻路徑造成擴(kuò)散和擴(kuò)散控制的相變。在解決地方問(wèn)題上日益依賴(lài)地方治理，將意味著改善土地利用和公共財(cái)政規(guī)劃，也許還會(huì)減緩農(nóng)地轉(zhuǎn)換的趨勢(shì)。耕地?cái)?shù)量和現(xiàn)有土地政策之間缺失的聯(lián)系可能使這些政策不僅無(wú)效，甚至是浪費(fèi)。由于土地價(jià)值被低估而導(dǎo)致的地方土地稅收不顯著，導(dǎo)致地方基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資不足，進(jìn)一步抑制了農(nóng)田價(jià)值，加快了土地流轉(zhuǎn)。根據(jù)我們對(duì)莫斯科地區(qū)的數(shù)據(jù)，雖然地方傾向于征收最高允許的稅率，但地方預(yù)算的土地稅收收入的平均份額僅為5%。農(nóng)業(yè)土地稅計(jì)算時(shí)的評(píng)估價(jià)值的百分比農(nóng)田,這通常是低于其實(shí)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)值,當(dāng)?shù)卣l(fā)展當(dāng)?shù)氐霓r(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不感興趣或增加農(nóng)業(yè)用地基地,因?yàn)樗麄儗o(wú)法獲得任何重大稅收優(yōu)惠。這標(biāo)志著一個(gè)管理問(wèn)題，也許可以通過(guò)引進(jìn)更靈活的分區(qū)和增加地方政府的責(zé)任范圍和土地的財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)來(lái)解決。在人口增長(zhǎng)方面。然而，強(qiáng)大的發(fā)展壓力和廣泛的腐敗往往會(huì)消滅分區(qū)制的理想效果。由于缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)和足夠的知識(shí)，地方政府只能依靠前蘇聯(lián)提供的土地保護(hù)政策。因此，農(nóng)地占用的面積一直在穩(wěn)步下降，質(zhì)量也在不斷惡化。我們的莫斯科地區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，私有化耕地和耕地面積的比例之間存在著強(qiáng)烈的正相關(guān)關(guān)系，盡管單獨(dú)和集體私有化耕地的比例僅為57%。農(nóng)田交易是有限的，部分原因是土地產(chǎn)權(quán)的不確定性揮之不去。通過(guò)對(duì)該數(shù)據(jù)集的計(jì)量分析，探討了在聯(lián)立方程框架下，耕地?cái)?shù)量、其評(píng)估值、私有化耕地占比、農(nóng)地稅和土地利用區(qū)劃之間的關(guān)系。我們獨(dú)特的數(shù)據(jù)集包含社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、人口和空間。由于市場(chǎng)力量繼續(xù)滲透經(jīng)濟(jì)，在地方土地利用規(guī)劃和管理方面顯然存在管理和法律問(wèn)題，妨礙了更有效地利用土地。Q00 本研究報(bào)告探討了俄羅斯農(nóng)地轉(zhuǎn)換與現(xiàn)有土地規(guī)制之間的關(guān)系。L33。國(guó)際大西洋經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)會(huì)2015。 Michael Kazmin2。第一篇：1300外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯Agricultural Land and Regulation in the Transition Economy of Russia Ekaterina Gnedenko1 amp。 Michael Kazmin2 Published online: 7 July 2015 International Atlantic Economic Society 2015 JEL Classification This research note explores the link between farmland conversion and existing land regulation in conclude that land regulation is lagging the new market trends in the transition economy of market forces continue to penetrate the economy, apparent managerial and statutory problems with regard to local landuse planning and regulation preclude more effective use of to the need for attracting investment in agriculture, the Russian Ministry of Science and Education provided funds for our research project that involves primary data collection and econometric analysis of the interdependencies between governmental policies and farmland unique dataset contains socioeconomic, demographic and spatial geographic 2010 data for 39 municipal districts in the Moscow metropolitan econometric analysis of this data set is used to explore the relationship among farmland quantity, its assessed value, the share of privatized farmland, farmland tax,and landuse zoning in the simultaneous equations the Russian market for real estate has developed quickly, the market for agricultural land is still deals are limited, partly because of the lingering uncertainty about farmland property stateowned farmland is still Moscow regional data suggest a strong positive relationship between the fraction of privatized farmland and farmland acreage, although the fraction of individually and collectively privatized farmland is only 57 %.The direct sale of farmland to foreigners is prohibited decreasing potential foreign investment as a result, the area occupied by agricultural lands has been steadily decreasing and deteriorating in the period 1990 to 2005, tillable lands in Russia have shrunk by million hectares( % of tillable lands).Lacking experience and adequate knowledge, local governments are stuck with the land conservation policies available to the former particular, in an attempt to contain the loss of prime farmland, the regulators retain old landuse zoning laws prohibiting the change of land , strong development pressures and widespread corruption often annihilate the desirable effect of results of our econometric analysis indicate that the proximity to Moscow city and population growth both have a significant negative effect on the amount of farmland, even in the strictlyzonedfor agriculture districts, suggesting strong urban pressure in the capital region of estimated elasticity of farmland acreage with respect to population growth is ? corrupt practice of illegal changes in land status is reflected in the fact that the lands still classified as farmland in the Federal Register of Land are turned into residential or industrial signals a management problem which could be perhaps resolved by the introduction of more flexible zoning and an increase in the range of responsibilities of local governments and their property rights to other economic instrument indispensable in land policy, land assessment, is also based on the former practices of the Communist period following a federally mandated general formula that takes into account soil productivity criteria, topographic features of the landscape, and the presence of irrigation, but still has little in mon with the market price of the agricultural land tax is calculated as the percentage of the assessed value of farmland, which is often below its real market value, local authorities are not interested in developing local agricultural infrastructure or increasing agricultural land base because they will not be able to reap any significant tax benefits from with the low federally mandated upper limits on tax rates( % of the assessed value of agricultural and residential lands)this leads to insufficient local tax revenues and overreliance on intergovernmental to our data for the Moscow region, although localities tend to impose the maximum allowable tax rate, the average share of land tax revenues in local budgets is a mere 5 %.It is not surprising as the average assessed value of farmland across municipalities is 1000 times less than the ongoing average sales price, according to data we insignificant local land tax revenues caused by the underestimated land value lead to insufficient local infrastructure investment, which further suppresses the value of fa