【正文】 henomenon further，propose and demonstrate a theory to explain it．This indicates you must make efforts before，during and after you get an opportunity．Thus，when it is ing，you can recognize it；when it is there，you can grasp it；when it is in your hand，you can turn it into success．(2)因果法(Cause and Effect)因果關系可分為前因后果，前果后因，一因一果和多果多因等多種形式2004 年的專四作文考題“Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?”(電話是否會使書信消失?)的一個參考寫法，作者持否定態(tài)度，他給出了三個理由First，people can not only greet each other but also exchange their thoughts in letters．Because when a person writes，he must organize his mind and express his ideas and feelings more logically，while telephone often makes people lazy．Second，letters can be kept as a record of memory，while phone cannot．You can imagine，when you read some old letters，a lot of beautiful and indelible memories will be brought back to you．Last，sending a letter is much cheaper than having a telephone call，especially when whom you want to municate with is in another city．在“How to Get Along with Your Roommates?”(如何與你的室友相處?)的范文，采用了因果法的方式論證了室友關系的重要性：Roommates constitute the most intimate partners in our college life．They enable us to have access to different regional subcultures of China，different personalities and uniqueness，and some of them will bee our life friends ． They also prise our warm dormitory for four years．These advantages...(3)比 較 與 對 比 法(Comparison and Contrast)①對兩個或多個事物的異同之處逐點進行比較對照，排列順序為：A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3；……。住文章結尾處表示對未來的展望或號召讀者采取行動。例如，在“School and Major?”的范文中的最后一段再次強調作者觀點(I prefer a prestigious university．)：As for me，choosing a good university is wiser，as far as the future jobhunting is concerned． 在“Factors Influencing Young Adults”的范文中的第一段就已表述了作者觀點： My view is that it is friends who have more important influence on young adults． 最后一段再次強調作者觀點： But，generally speaking，in most cases，friends are the more important influence on young adults．3)引申式提出建議，提供解決辦法。一個好的結尾可以給評閱老師留下好的印象1)總結式對全文做簡短的歸納、概括，得出結論。文章或段落的結尾和開頭對整個文章來說是非常重要的。比較適用于“對比選擇型”題目。1998 年的專四作文考題“One Way to Solve the Problem”(解決問題的一個方法)的首段可以先介紹機動車是城市污染的主要來源，接下來亮出自己的觀點 發(fā)展公共交通：Vehicles are a major source of air pollution in cities．In my opinion，the solution to this pollution problem is developing the modern public transportation． 2003 年 “The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood”The modern society is characterized by rapid pace，and people in such a society have to cope with a lot of pressures from either outer world or inner will．The most difficult，but necessary thing for them is to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances．“How to Deal with the Problem of Unemployment”In recent years，China has experienced an alarming increase in unemployment rate．Unemployment is more than an economic problem．If it were not handled properly，it would result in serious social problems．Effective measures must be taken to solve the unemployment problem．5)提問式要討論什么就先把話題以問句形式提出，然后通過回答問題表達自己的觀點。?”Nowadays，young people choose to phone each other rather than write letters．Some are worried that letter writing will be useless in the future．Even so, I still maintain that letter writing will never be killed by phones，despite that we have already stepped into the information age．“Degree and University Study”(學位與大學學習)的范文的開頭一段采用了先抑后揚的手法，首先肯定學位的重要性，然后提出了“學位并不是大學學習的一切”這樣的觀點In our society，the most monly recognized standard of a student’s academic achievement is the degree．Consequently some people regard the degree as the only thing valuable while studying in college．Admittedly，the degree is important for students who want a prosperous future，but it is by no means the only purpose at university．4)背景法對一個現(xiàn)象進行分析時，先把這個現(xiàn)象事件的原因、結果、發(fā)展等背景信息介紹一下，然后再給出自己的看法。比較適用于“對比選擇型”題目。這種寫法比較適合“對比選擇型”題目。)2)正反表態(tài)法在開頭一段中把正反觀點都表達出來，最后一句寫自己的觀點。2002 年的專四作文考題“The Best Way to Stay Healthy”The best way to stay healthy is to develop a good quality of psychology．(保健的最好方法就是保持良好的心態(tài)。第一篇：大學作文文章開頭和結尾的寫法作文的主要類型一般來說，各類考試中涉及到的作文，按照命題形式可劃分為提綱式作文、圖表式作文、規(guī)定情景式作文等類型1)對比選擇型 2)給定觀點型 3)自由發(fā)揮型2．圖表式作文3．規(guī)定情景式作文1．作文開頭部分的寫作1)開門見山，點明主題文章一開頭，就交待清楚文章的主題和論點是什么。這種寫法適用于“自由發(fā)揮型”和“給定觀點型”兩種提綱式作文。)Widening Gap Between the Rich and the PoorThese days we often hear about the widening gap between the rich and the poor．(最近我們經(jīng)常聽到貧富差距拉大。用一、兩句介紹主題，再用一、兩句介紹正反兩種觀點或看法，接下來再表達自己的看法。1999 年“A Major Advantage/Disadvantage of Advertising on Television”Nowadays more and more advertisements are seen on TV every day．Some people think that advertising on TV can bring us a lot of benefits, but others hold the different opinions．In my opinion．I am in favor of the former．Where Would You Go after Graduation After graduation, some students choose to go to super cities for career development．Meanwhile，some students prefer to return to their hometowns．As for me，I would like to go back to my home city．3)讓步法也稱為先抑后揚法，先把反方觀點引出來，做一個肯定的評價，然后筆鋒一轉，回到自己的觀點上來。2004 年 “Will Phones Kill Letter Writing39。這種寫法適合“給定觀點型”和“自由發(fā)揮型”。或者，對自己的觀點做個理由概述／先寫出反方觀點，對其進行反駁，順勢提出自己的觀點。Factors Influencing Young Adults Of the various factors that can have influence on young adults，the family and friends stand out most．Which of the two is more important? My view is that it is friends who have more important influence on young adults．Choosing a Job Profitable or a Job I LoveHow can one find a desirable job? This question puzzles nearly