【正文】 soil varies both spatially and temporally due to a number of environmental a rain, infiltration can create a condition where the soil is pletely full of condition is, however, only shortlived as a portion of this water quickly drains(gravitational water)via the force exerted on the water by portion that remains is called the field the soil, field capacity represents a film of water coating all individual soil particles to a thickness of soil water from to mm(known as capillary water)can be removed from the soil through the processes of evaporation and of these processes operate at the action moves water from one area in the soil to replace losses in another area(biggest losses tend to be at the surface because of plant consumption and evaporation).This movement of water by capillary action generally creates a homogeneous concentration of water throughout the soil of water stop when the film of water around soil particles reaches held from the surface of the soil particles to mm is essentially immobile and can only be pletely removed with high temperatures(greater than 100 degrees Celsius).Within the soil system, several different forces influence the storage of 。灌溉可以給作物提供附加的水。農(nóng)作物生長是供水的過程。通常情況下，下面四個因素影響了這兩個過程：可利用的能量、蒸發(fā)表面的溫度梯度、蒸發(fā)表面即時風(fēng)速、可用的水。蒸騰作用是水通過植物進入大氣。蒸發(fā)是空余的水變成蒸汽進入大氣的移動過程。the wind speed immediately above the surface。41頁Evaporation and transpiration are the two processes that move water from the Earth’s surface to its is movement of free water to the atmosphere as a requires large amounts of is the movement of water through a plant to the use the term evapotranspiration to describe both general, the following four factors control the amount of water entering the atmosphere via these two processes: energy availability。同時，大氣中包含水蒸氣的含量也影響了降水，水蒸氣的含量是由大氣溫度控制的。The distribution of precipitation on the Earth39。外來的沉積物形成的成土作用通常都比較快，因為風(fēng)化母質(zhì)需要很長一段時間。Parent material refers to the rock and mineral materials from which the soils materials can be derived from residual sediment due to the weathering of bedrock or from sediment transported into an area by way of the erosive forces of wind, water, or is often faster on transported sediments because the weathering of parent material usually takes a long period of influence of parent material on pedogenesis is usually related to soil texture, soil chemistry, and nutrient 。通過落葉和分解過程，微生物把腐殖質(zhì)和營養(yǎng)成分帶給土壤，也因此影響了土壤的結(jié)構(gòu)和肥力。在平衡條件下，植被和土壤通過彼此的養(yǎng)分循環(huán)緊密聯(lián)系在一起。微生物也會影響土壤的PH和有機物的分解。如果降水少于蒸發(fā)作用，土壤的濕度就會變低。大多數(shù)的土壤濕度是由降水減去蒸發(fā)作用控制的。溫度越高，基巖轉(zhuǎn)化為礦物顆粒的比例越大。溫度和濕度是影響土壤形成的兩個重要的變量。在區(qū)域和地方性的范圍內(nèi)，氣候顯得不是那么重要。第一篇：專業(yè)英語翻譯部分僅供參考！發(fā)現(xiàn)錯誤請及時指出！15頁Climate plays a very important role in the genesis of a the global scale, there is an obvious correlation between major soil types and the Koppen climatic classification systems major climate regional and local scales, climate bees less important in soil , Pedogenesis is more influenced by factors like parent material, topography, vegetation, and two most important climatic variables influencing soil formation are temperature arid has direct influence on the weathering of bedrock to produce mineral of bedrock weathering generally increase with higher also influences the activity of soil microorganisms, the frequency and magnitude of soil chemical reactions, and the rate of plant growth, moisture levels in most soils are primarily controlled by the addition of water via precipitation minus the losses due to additions of water from precipitation surpass losses from evapotranspiration, moisture levels in a soil tend to be the water loss due to evapotranspiration exceeds inputs from precipitation, moisture levels in a soil tend to be moisture availability in a soil promotes the weathering, of bedrock and sediments, chemical reactions, and plant availability of moisture also has an influence on soil pH and the deposition of organic 。從全球尺度來看，主要的土壤分類和科彭氣候分類法確定的主要的氣候類型有明星的聯(lián)系。取而代之的是母質(zhì)，地形，植被和時間。溫度直接影響基巖風(fēng)化產(chǎn)生礦物顆粒。溫度同樣影響土壤微生物的活躍度，土壤化學(xué)反應(yīng)的頻率和數(shù)量，植物生長的比例。如果降水超過蒸發(fā)作用消耗的水，土壤濕度就會很高。土壤內(nèi)大量的可用的水氣會提升母巖溫度和沉積，化學(xué)反應(yīng)，還有植物生長。Living organisms have a role in a number of processes involved in pedogenesis including organic matter accumulation, profile mixing, and biogeochemical nutrient equilibrium conditions, vegetation and soil are closely linked with each other through nutrient cycling of nitrogen and carbon in soils is almost pletely controlled by the presence of animals and litterfall and the process of deposition, organisms add humus and nutrients to the soil which influences soil structure and vegetation also protects the upper layers of a soil from erosion by way of binding the soils surface and reducing the speed of moving wind and water across the ground ，生命體參與了其中的有機物積累，屬性混合和生物化學(xué)養(yǎng)分的循環(huán)。土壤中的碳氮循環(huán)幾乎都需要動物和植物的參與控制。表層植物也可以固定表層土壤來保護上層的土壤不被途經(jīng)的風(fēng)和水帶走。巖床的風(fēng)化或者由侵蝕力（比如風(fēng)，水，冰）帶來的沉積物都可以變?yōu)樾纬赡纲|(zhì)需要的物質(zhì)。母質(zhì)在成土過程中的影響就是它參與了土壤的質(zhì)地，土壤化學(xué)和養(yǎng)分循環(huán)。s surface is generally controlled by the absence or presence of mechanisms that lift air masses to cause is also controlled by the amount of water vapor held in the air, which is a function of air figure is presented that illustrates global precipitation ，是否存在這種飽和基本上決定了地球表面降水的分布。下面的一組數(shù)字將闡明全球降水模式。the humidity gradient away from the evaporating surface。and water scientists sometimes refer to two types of evapotranspiration: Actual Evapotranspiration and Potential growth of crops is a function of water crops experience drought, yields are can supply crops with supplemental determining both actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration a farmer can calculate the irrigation water needs of their 。這個過程需要大量的能量?？茖W(xué)家用蒸散作用來統(tǒng)稱這兩個過程。農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)家認為蒸散作用有兩種方式：實際的蒸散和潛在的蒸散。如果作物經(jīng)歷了干旱，就會導(dǎo)致減產(chǎn)。如果知道了實際蒸散和潛在蒸散的量，農(nóng)民就可以計算作物灌溉需要的水量。滲透由于一些自然的因素會發(fā)生空間的和暫時的變化。但是這種情況只是暫時的，一部分雨水會由于重力作用排出。土地含水能力展示給我們一個水薄膜，在這個薄膜里。毛細作用把水從一個地方搬運到另一個流失水的地方（最大的水流失應(yīng)該就是植物表面的蒸騰和蒸發(fā)）。水就停止流失。在土壤系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部，這幾種力量影響了水的短缺度。這些信息展示出了一個年齡性別或者人口數(shù)量的金字塔。這體現(xiàn)了這些國家的高出生率和高死亡率。塔尖由于死亡的原因會稍微窄一些。人口金字塔通常用來展示人口在年齡和性別上的結(jié)構(gòu)。因為化石燃料的燃燒，大地沒有植被以及農(nóng)業(yè)，大氣中二氧化碳和其他溫室氣體的排放量已經(jīng)上升了1/3。57頁Sea Level the melt of ice cap