【正文】 缺度。Population Structure / Population PyramidsThe population structure for an area shows the number of males and females within different age groups in the information is displayed as an agesex or population pyramids of LEDCs typically have a wide base and a narrow represents a high birth rate and high death pyramids of MEDCs typically have a roughly equal distribution of population throughout the age top obviously gets narrower as a result of pyramids for every country in the world can be found pyramids are used to show the structure of the population according to age and 。這些信息展示出了一個(gè)年齡性別或者人口數(shù)量的金字塔。發(fā)展中國家的人口金字塔通常有很大的根基和很窄的塔尖。這體現(xiàn)了這些國家的高出生率和高死亡率。發(fā)達(dá)國家的人口金字塔在不同年齡段大概是均勻分布的。塔尖由于死亡的原因會(huì)稍微窄一些。世界上所有國家的人口金字塔在這里都可以找到。人口金字塔通常用來展示人口在年齡和性別上的結(jié)構(gòu)。56頁The increase of greenhouse gases are the primary causes of the humaninduced ponent of of burning of fossil fuels, land clearing and agriculture, the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased by more than a this large have historically taken thousands of years, but are now happening over the course of 。因?yàn)榛剂系娜紵?，大地沒有植被以及農(nóng)業(yè)，大氣中二氧化碳和其他溫室氣體的排放量已經(jīng)上升了1/3。經(jīng)歷這么大的變化曾經(jīng)需要數(shù)千年，但是現(xiàn)在只在近十年內(nèi)就完成了。57頁Sea Level the melt of ice cap and glaciers, sea level has rised to large numbers of cities located in coastal areas, this causes serious erosion takes place, particularly on steep are is a picture of Shanghai at present, while this may be the picture of Shanghai several years serious problem is the threat of salt water intruding into underground fresh water in coastal of people will be forced to leave their homes and 。隨著冰蓋和冰川的融化。由于很多城市坐落在沿海地區(qū)，這就可能帶來災(zāi)難性的問題。海岸侵蝕開始出現(xiàn)，尤其是在陡峭的海岸。濕地逐漸消失。這正是上海現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的，也可能是幾年以后上海出現(xiàn)的景象。另一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題是鹽水侵入沿海地區(qū)的底下淡水。數(shù)以萬計(jì)的人民不得不背井離鄉(xiāng)。59頁They dominate the country in influence and are the national sheer size and activity bees a strong pull factor, bringing additional residents to the city and causing the primate city to bee even larger and more disproportional to smaller cities in the , not every country has a primate city, as you39。ll see from the list ，是整個(gè)國家的焦點(diǎn)。他們的規(guī)模大小和活動(dòng)變成一股強(qiáng)大的推動(dòng)力，帶來額外的居民，讓這些首位城市變得更大，以至于跟國內(nèi)的其他小城市相比有些不協(xié)調(diào)。但是，并不是所有國家都有這樣一個(gè)首位城市，你可以從下面的表里看出來。Some scholars define a primate city as one that is larger than the bined populations of the second and third ranked cities in a definition does not represent true primacy, however, as the size of the first ranked city is not disproportionate to the 。但是這個(gè)定義沒有體現(xiàn)從城市規(guī)模的角度分析，排名前兩位的城市也是不成比例的，所以并不被認(rèn)可。The law can be applied to smaller regions as example, California39。s primate city is Los Angeles, with a metropolitan area population of 16 million, which is more than double the San Francisco metropolitan area of 7 counties can be examined with regard to the Law of the Primate 。舉個(gè)例子，加州的首位城市是洛杉磯，城市人口達(dá)到1600萬，比舊金山的700高出甚多。甚至村莊也可以用首位城市法則來分析。69頁Scope of land consolidation schemes（本段藍(lán)字為不確定部分）Land consolidation has always been regarded as an instrument or entry point for rural concepts of rural development were virtually the same as agricultural development because of the predominant role of agriculture in rural areas at the the agrarian structure was viewed as being identical to maintaining the social viability in rural areas。what was good for the farmers was good for rural overall objective of early projects was thus to increase the net ine from land holdings by increasing the volume of production and decreasing its this focus on agricultural development, these projects served to consolidate parcels and enlarge holdings and included provisions such as irrigation and drainage infrastructure to improve water management, construction of rural roads, land levelling, soil improvement measures and changes to land use such as converting agriculturally inferior land into forest land or 。早期的農(nóng)村發(fā)展概念基本上和農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展一樣的，因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)候的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)占據(jù)了農(nóng)村的主導(dǎo)地位。改進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)看起來是和保留農(nóng)村地區(qū)社會(huì)生存能力一樣的事情。對(duì)農(nóng)民好也就是對(duì)農(nóng)村地區(qū)好。因此早期項(xiàng)目的總體目標(biāo)是通過增加產(chǎn)量和減少成本，以此增加從土地獲得的凈收益。隨著注意力轉(zhuǎn)移到農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展上，這些項(xiàng)目服務(wù)于鞏固捆綁，增大資產(chǎn)，還這些規(guī)定：修建灌溉和排水基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施來提升用水管理能力，修建農(nóng)村公路，土地平整，土壤改良措施以及改變土地用途比如說把貧瘠的土地轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樯只蛘邼竦?。Such agricultural improvements are still essential but rural space is now no longer regarded as one of agricultural production of rural development have bee much broader and have expanded to include increased environmental awareness and a wide range of nonagricultural emphasis of land consolidation projects has shifted from a focus on restructuring agriculture to one of achieving more efficient multiple use of rural space by balancing the interests of agriculture, landscape, nature conservation, recreation and transportation, especially when land is required for the construction of major ，但是現(xiàn)在農(nóng)村地區(qū)不再僅僅是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的區(qū)域了。農(nóng)村發(fā)展的概念已經(jīng)變得更加廣闊，已經(jīng)拓展到包含環(huán)境意識(shí)和非農(nóng)業(yè)應(yīng)用的領(lǐng)域。土地合并的項(xiàng)目的重點(diǎn)已經(jīng)不再只關(guān)注農(nóng)業(yè)重組，它上升到通過平衡農(nóng)業(yè)利益，地形，自然保護(hù)，娛樂和運(yùn)輸(尤其是需要修建主要干道的時(shí)候)來獲取最大的利益。Environmental conditions are being given increasing are being constructed to suit the bodies are being restored, often with buffer consolidation projects are also used for the protection of wetlands and to change land use patterns especially in areas endangered by frequent floods or soil 。修路需要符合地形。水體被修復(fù)，一般都還有緩沖區(qū)。土地合并項(xiàng)目經(jīng)常用于保護(hù)濕地，還有改變土地利用模式，特別是在因?yàn)轭l發(fā)的洪水和水土流失致使土地瀕臨消失的地方。99頁LeakageThe direct ine for an area is the amount of tourist expenditure that remains locally after taxes, profits, and wages are paid outside the area and after imports are purchased。these subtracted amounts are called most allinclusive package tours, about 80% of travelers39。 expenditures go to the airlines, hotels and other international panies(who often have their headquarters in the travelers39。 home countries), and not to local businesses or addition, significant amounts of ine actually retained at destination level can leave again through ，利潤，支出的工資以及進(jìn)口所需剩下的一部分，就是旅游目的地的直接收入，也叫做滲漏。在大部分全包價(jià)旅游中，旅游者支出的80%付給了航空公司，酒店和其他國際公司（通常在旅游者來源國有分支部門），并不是當(dāng)?shù)氐纳痰昊蛘吖と?。此外，大量的達(dá)到目標(biāo)水平的收入一般會(huì)經(jīng)過滲漏再次離開當(dāng)?shù)亍?01頁Tourism development and the related rise in real estate demand may dramatically increase building costs and land only does this make it more difficult for local people, especially in