【正文】 measurement systems ,is the field of (measurement) ,因此,客觀觀察的輸出如數(shù)字顯示alphanumerical應(yīng)使用而不是主觀評價諸如色彩,等。The task of these instruments is to convert the state or phenomenon under observation into a different state or phenomenon that cannot be misinterpreted by an observer .In other words, the instrument converts the initial observation into a representation that all observers can observe and will agree on .這些儀器的任務(wù)是把國家或現(xiàn)象觀察進(jìn)入一種不同的國家或現(xiàn)象,不能被誤解被觀察者。This is demonstrated by trying to determine the temperature of a jug of water by hand .If the hand is first dipped in cold water, the water in the jug will feel relatively warm ,whereas if the hand is first dipped in warm water ,the water in the jug will feel relatively cold. Besides the subjectivity of our observation ,we human observers are also handicapped by the fact that there are many states or phenomena in the real world around us which we cannot observe at all (. magnetic fields) .or only poorly (. extremely low temperatures or highspeed movement) .In order to guarantee objectivity of a measurement we must therefore use artefacts (tools or instruments).這是證明了在調(diào)查里面的水的溫度用手,如果手先用冷水浸泡到瓶子里的水會感到相對的溫暖,而若手第一蘸溫水、水到瓶子里會感覺比較冷。A third and necessary aspect of measurement is that it must be objective .The oute of the measurement must be independent of an arbitrary observer .Each observer must extract the same information from the measurement and must e to the same conclusion .This, however ,is almost impossible for an observer who uses only his/her senses .Observations made with our senses are highly subjective .Our sense of temperature ,for example , depends strongly on any sensation of hot or cold preceding the measurement .第三個和必要的方面,它必須被測量,結(jié)果客觀測量必須獨立于任意觀測器提取每觀察者必須之測相同的信息,必須得出了相同的結(jié)論。A second aspect of measurement is that it must be selective .It may only provide information about what we wish to measure (the measurand) and not about any other of the many states or phenomena around us .測量的第二個方面,它必須被選擇,只能提供有關(guān)我們所希望的那樣進(jìn)行測量測量),而不是對任何其他的許多州或現(xiàn)象在我們身邊。這意味著一個測量必須描述對于這種狀態(tài)或這一現(xiàn)象在我們周圍的世界我們衡量。measurement are conducted to learn about the object of measurement 。Unit 1 Definition of Measurement and Measurement Theory定義的測量方法和測量理論1. Definition of Measurement測量的定義A possible operational description of the term measurement which agrees with our intuition is the following :“measurement is the acquisition of information ”。the aspect of gathering information is one of the most essential aspects of measurement 。the measurand .This means that a measurement must be descriptive with regard to that state or that phenomenon in the world around us which we are measuring .一個可能的操作描述這個術(shù)語的同意,我們憑直覺測量是下列的“測量信息獲取”,采集信息的方面是最重要的方面進(jìn)行測量,計量了解測量的對象,進(jìn)行測量。There must be a relationship between this state or phenomenon and the measurement result .Although the aspect of acquiring information is elementary ,it is merely a necessary and not a sufficient aspect of measurement :when one reads a textbook ,one gathers information ,but one does not perform a ,即使是基礎(chǔ),那只是一個必要的和非充分方面的測量:當(dāng)一個人閱讀教科書,一個收集信息,但是一個人不能進(jìn)行測量。This aspect too is a necessary but not sufficient aspect of measurement .Admiring a painting inside an otherwise empty room will provide information about only the painting ,but does not constitute a ,只有這幅畫作,但不構(gòu)成測量。這,然而,幾乎不可能一個觀察人士只使用他/,例如,取決于溫度有任何感覺熱或冷的measuremen前。除了我們觀察的主體性,我們?nèi)祟惖挠^察家們也不識字而事實有許多州或者現(xiàn)象在現(xiàn)實世界中,我們不能遵守我們周圍磁場(如只poorl支)。換句話說,儀器將最初的觀察到任何觀測者都表示會同意能封鎖。設(shè)計這樣的儀器都被稱為量測系統(tǒng),域(計量儀表。We can distinguish two types of information :information on the state ,structure or nature of a certain characteristic ,socalled structural information ,and information on the magnitude, amplitude or intensity of a certain characteristic ,socalled metric information .The acquisition of structural information is called a qualitative measurement ,the acquisition of metric information is called a quantitative measurement .If the nature of the characteristic to be measured is not (yet) known ,it must be determined first by means of a qualitative measurement .This can then be followed by a quantitative measurement of the magnitude of the respective :信息對國家、結(jié)構(gòu)或自然的一個特定的特點,所謂的結(jié)構(gòu)信息、信息在大小、振幅或強(qiáng)度一定的特點,所謂的度量信息,獲得結(jié)構(gòu)信息被稱為定性測量、獲取信息度量稱為定量測量。這觀的基礎(chǔ)上測量理論。The quantity to be measured (the measurand ) is an element of the source set .For instance ,in the electrical domain we measure electrical current (source set ) but only within a certain range of magnitude (elements). The result of the measurement process is abstract 。測量過程的結(jié)果是抽象的,它形成了一個元素的抽象的圖像范圍空間。In other words ,the elements of the source set are empirical characteristics of States and phenomena of the world around us 。要素的圖像的抽象符號圖像集象徵。Restricting the definition of measurement further , measurement theory states that measurement is the mapping of elements from an empirical source set onto elements of an abstra