【正文】 an experiment or observation are called empirical data. Prior to processing, empirical data is often referred to as raw, or unprocessed data, whereas data that has been analyzed is called processed data. Data can also be generated by theoretical calculations. Frequently, theoretical data is pared to measured or processed data as a test of the theoretical 。它可以是孤立的價值或可以依賴于時間和地點。價值觀記錄,直接從一個實驗或觀察被稱為實證數(shù)據(jù)。在處理、數(shù)據(jù)的實證分析常被引用為原料,或未加工的數(shù)據(jù),而數(shù)據(jù)被稱為加工的數(shù)據(jù)進行了分析。所產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)也可以理論計算。通常情況下,比較理論數(shù)據(jù)測或處理過的數(shù)據(jù)作為測試的理論。After data is collected, it may need to be processed either by applying mathematical putations to it or by arranging it in some meaningful manner. This procedure is called data processing or data reduction. Data may be entered into a puter for reduction, or, In some cases, the measurement instrument may perform the data reduction within the instrument. For example, a digital oscilloscope may present the rms value of a voltage as a displayed numeric value. As part of the process of data reduction, obvious errors or discrepancies should be looked for。 sometimes statistical processing is applied to indicate the nature of experimental precision..數(shù)據(jù)收集后,它可能需可以被處理和利用數(shù)學計算通過把一些富有意義的方式。這個過程被稱為數(shù)據(jù)處理和數(shù)據(jù)的減少。數(shù)據(jù)可以進入降低計算機,或者,在某些情況下,檢測儀表可以進行天文數(shù)據(jù)歸算在儀器。例如,一個數(shù)字示波器的均方根值可呈現(xiàn)電壓作為顯示數(shù)值。作為整個過程的一部分,減少,明顯的錯誤發(fā)生的數(shù)據(jù)或矛盾之處,應該找。有時應用統(tǒng)計處理表明自然實驗精度。Unit6 1. An Overview for Control System在控制系統(tǒng)的概述Control systems are everywhere around us and within us. *Many plex control systems are included among the functions of the human body. An elaborate control systems centered in the hypothalamus of the brain maintains body temperature at 37 degrees Celsius (℃) despite changes in physical activity and external 。*許多復雜的還包括控制系統(tǒng)的功能的人體。一個精心制作的控制系統(tǒng)集中在下丘腦的大腦維持體溫孕37攝氏度(℃)盡管改變身體的活動和外部的氣氛。 In one control system—the eye—the diameter of the pupil automatically adjusts to control the amount of light that reaches the retina. Another control system maintains the level of sodium ion concentration in the fluid that surrounds the individual 。另一個控制系統(tǒng)保持水平的鈉離子液體濃度包圍在單個細胞。第六章 1. An Overview for Control System控制系統(tǒng)的概述? Control systems are everywhere around us and within us. *Many plex control systems are included among the functions of the human body. An elaborate control systems centered in the hypothalamus of the brain maintains body temperature at 37 degrees Celsius (℃) despite changes in physical activity and external ambience. In one control system—the eye—the diameter of the pupil automatically adjusts to control the amount of light that reaches the retina. Another control system maintains the level of sodium ion concentration in the fluid that surrounds the individual cells.控制系統(tǒng)到處都是我們及在我們。*許多復雜的還包括控制系統(tǒng)的功能的人體。一個精心制作的控制系統(tǒng)集中在下丘腦的大腦維持體溫孕37攝氏度(℃)盡管改變身體的活動和外部的氣氛。在一個控制系統(tǒng)對學生eyethe直徑自動調(diào)節(jié)控制光的總量達到視網(wǎng)膜上。另一個控制系統(tǒng)保持水平的鈉離子液體濃度包圍在單個細胞。Threading a needle and driving an automobile are two ways in which the human body functions as a plex controller. The eyes are sensor that detects the position of the needle and thread, or of the automobile and the center of the road. A plex controller, the brain, pares the two positions and determines which actions must be performed to acplish the desired result. The body implements the control action by moving the thread or turning the steering wheel。 an experienced driver will anticipate all type of disturbances to the system, such as a rough section of pavement or a slowmoving vehicle ahead. It would be very difficult to reproduce in an automatic controller the many judgments that an average person makes daily and unconsciously穿好針汽車,開的是兩種方法人體功能是一個復雜的控制器。眼睛是傳感器檢測位置的針和線,或汽車和中心的路。一個復雜的控制器,大腦,比較了兩個位置并確定哪種行動必須進行達到的結(jié)果。實施控制作用的身體可以通過移動的螺紋或把方向盤,一個有經(jīng)驗的車手能夠預見到所有類型的干擾的系統(tǒng),例如粗糙的一段路面或一個緩慢移動車輛前進。將很難復制一個自動控制器的很多判決,平均每日人無意識Control systems regulate temperature in home, school, and buildings of all types. They also affect the production of goods and services by ensuring the purity and uniformity of the food we eat and by maintaining the quality of products from paper mills, steel mills, chemical plants, refineries, other types of manufacturing plants. Control systems help protect our environment by minimizing waste material that must be discarded, thus reducing manufacturing costs and minimizing the waste disposal problem. Sewage and waste treatment also requires the use of automatic control system控制系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)溫度在家里、學校和各種類型的建筑。他們也影響產(chǎn)品和服務的生產(chǎn),使產(chǎn)品的純度和保證我們所吃的食物的均勻性維護質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品,從造紙廠、鋼廠、化工廠、煉油廠以及其他類型的制造工廠。控制系統(tǒng)幫助保護我們的環(huán)境,通過最小化必須被丟棄的廢棄物的,從而減少生產(chǎn)成本及減少廢物處置問題。污水和垃圾處理也需要使用自動控制系統(tǒng)的無意識A control system is any group of ponents that maintains a desired result or value. From the previous examples it is clear that a great variety of ponents may