【正文】 控制系統(tǒng)幫助保護我們的環(huán)境,通過最小化必須被丟棄的廢棄物的,從而減少生產(chǎn)成本及減少廢物處置問題。一個復(fù)雜的控制器,大腦,比較了兩個位置并確定哪種行動必須進行達(dá)到的結(jié)果。另一個控制系統(tǒng)保持水平的鈉離子液體濃度包圍在單個細(xì)胞。第六章 1. An Overview for Control System控制系統(tǒng)的概述? Control systems are everywhere around us and within us. *Many plex control systems are included among the functions of the human body. An elaborate control systems centered in the hypothalamus of the brain maintains body temperature at 37 degrees Celsius (℃) despite changes in physical activity and external ambience. In one control system—the eye—the diameter of the pupil automatically adjusts to control the amount of light that reaches the retina. Another control system maintains the level of sodium ion concentration in the fluid that surrounds the individual cells.控制系統(tǒng)到處都是我們及在我們。*許多復(fù)雜的還包括控制系統(tǒng)的功能的人體。例如,一個數(shù)字示波器的均方根值可呈現(xiàn)電壓作為顯示數(shù)值。After data is collected, it may need to be processed either by applying mathematical putations to it or by arranging it in some meaningful manner. This procedure is called data processing or data reduction. Data may be entered into a puter for reduction, or, In some cases, the measurement instrument may perform the data reduction within the instrument. For example, a digital oscilloscope may present the rms value of a voltage as a displayed numeric value. As part of the process of data reduction, obvious errors or discrepancies should be looked for。價值觀記錄,直接從一個實驗或觀察被稱為實證數(shù)據(jù)。當(dāng)一個量測量,我們所說的數(shù)值,和信息是比較有用的科學(xué)發(fā)展,因為更多的信息都出席了。3 . The Nature of Data數(shù)據(jù)的性質(zhì)Information you gather is called data. Data can be a factual statement of physical phenomena. For example, the statement ”the copper was removed by the chemical reaction with ferric chloride” is descriptive data. When data is purely descriptive, it is said to be qualitative data. When a quantity is measured, we associate numerical values with it, and the information is more useful in a scientific way because more information is present. Information about the magnitude or intensity of a physical phenomenon is called quantitative data. Recall that the quantity that is being measured is called the measured. Instrumentation extends the human senses by allowing a numerical value or values to be associated with the 。For ethical ,political or financial reasons it is also usually not possible to freely modify variables to determine how they influence the measurement object ,for example ,increasing the scarcity of food in an economic munity to determine the influence on the consumer’s spending behavior . 為職業(yè)道德、政治或經(jīng)濟的原因也通常不可能自由修改變量來確定他們怎樣影響測量對象,例如,提高食物的缺乏經(jīng)濟社會確定影響消費者的消費行為。For this reason , it is usually not possible to perform an isolated measurement in the same way we can with inanimate things (putting in a thermostat, hooking up to a fixed supply voltage, etc.).基于這個原因,它通常不可能完成一個孤立的測量同樣地我們可以和無生命的東西(放進一個溫控器、獵艷以一個固定的電源電壓等)。When measuring plex systems or objects, the measurand often also depends on all kinds of other quantities .Usually ,the nature and magnitude of these dependencies are unknown .Furthermore, these parasitic quantities ,which influence the measurement result ,are not constant during the measurement, making it impossible to correct any errors in the measurement .This means that the measurement is no longer selective 。這是由于很多參數(shù),確定的較為復(fù)雜的線圈,影響電感的準(zhǔn)確性發(fā)生,由于線電阻、遲延直接影響和渦流、增加到不準(zhǔn)確,目前提供標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的電感有一個不大約10 ^ 5。這些所謂的ThompsonLampard缸電容可以達(dá)到不小于10 ^ 8。低阻值(第manganine(86%Cu,12%Mn),2%Ni)或constantan(54%Cu,45%Ni,1%Mn) order電阻標(biāo)準(zhǔn)保持非常準(zhǔn)確穩(wěn)定溫度溫控器。線圈間的力進行女=我^ 2dM / dx,M是已知的相互感應(yīng)的線圈與x是已知的間距。細(xì)胞必須保持在一個垂直位置。Unit2 Measurement of Physical Quantity物理量測量The physical quantities listed bellow are often used in test and measurement technology .The first 2 are monly called as electrical quantities and the other are monly called as electricalparameters .Usually the sensors receive the information of quantities under measurement (QUM) and convert it into variation of electrical parameters or electrical potential, which will normally be conditioned ,and then converted into the electrical quantities ,specially the current ,and sent to the A/D converters . 如下所示的物理量的常被用于測試和測量技術(shù),第2通常被稱為電子數(shù)量和其他通常被稱為電氣參數(shù)。 otherwise information is lost in the mapping . An example is measuring with a very low resolution 。This empirical relational system determines the structure of the source set . Likewise ,an abstract relational system determines the structure of the image set (for instance ,the set of relational that apply to the set of integer numbers ). A measurement (representation ) is now called descriptive if the relational system or structure of the empirical source set is invariant under the transformation (measurement ) . 本實證關(guān)系系統(tǒng)確定源的結(jié)構(gòu)。A measurement must be descriptive .In measurement theory this is described in terms of set theory :th