【正文】 e the relatively plex of a coil ,all of which influence the accuracy of the inductor .Furthermore ,power losses occur ,due to wire resistance ,proximately effects and eddy currents ,which add to inaccuracy ,Currently a available standards of inductance have an inaccuracy of about 10^5 .精確的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的電感難以想象。 A disadvantage ,however ,is the fact that the capacitance is small (approximately per metre ). For lowerorder standards other configurations of electrodes are used ,which provide larger capacitance values (10~1000pF),but also e larger uncertainties .然而,一個不利條件的人來說,(大約每米)。與援助的光學(xué)干涉技術(shù)能夠依此作成,非常準(zhǔn)確。Capacitance 電容It is possible to construct a capacitor from four coaxial cylinders , whose capacitance only depends on the length of the cylinders . Such a capacitor is particularly suitable as a standard of capacitance , since only the length has to be determined accurately . With the aid of optical interferometry this can be done extremely accurately . These socalled ThompsonLampard cylinder capacitors can achieve an inaccuracy of less than 10^8. 它可以構(gòu)建電容器的從四個同軸鋼瓶,電容僅憑長度的汽缸。這種合金是經(jīng)常用于高阻標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(10kQ)。鑒別商dM /遠(yuǎn)程接收由已知的幾何學(xué)的線圈。這種裝置措施電磁力在兩個電流負(fù)載線圈(一個固定的,一個運動)平衡與重力的作用下,行動在一個已知的質(zhì)量。一個韋斯頓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電池的有很長的熱aftereffect。最優(yōu)性條件溫度的變化是指小于10 ^ 3鉀、空載,沒有振動或震動。通常傳感器接收信息清單QUM測量(下),把它轉(zhuǎn)化成電氣參數(shù)的變化或電氣潛力,通常會條件,然后轉(zhuǎn)化為電氣數(shù)量,特別是當(dāng)前的眾長老、就差人到A / D耐.Electrical potential difference 電氣電位差The primary standard for electrical potential difference used to be provided by an electrochemical standard cell (the Weston standard cell ).The voltage of a Weston cell is approximately V at 20`C,with an inaccuracy of 3X10^6 under optimal conditions. Optimal conditions means a variation of temperature less than 10^3 K, no load, no vibrations or jolting . The cell must remain in an upright position. A Weston standard cell has a very long thermal aftereffect. After the cell has been heated to 30`C it can take 6 months before it is totally stable within V of the original value at 20degrees .Furthermore ,a Weston cell will age , resulting in an increase in the internal resistance (R1~5001000歐)，and a small decrease of a few uV in the output voltage (during the first years ).電氣的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的用于電位差由電化學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電池的(韋斯頓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電池電壓成),39。兩個不同電流大小映射到相同的結(jié)果,與對方。 two different current magnitudes are mapped onto the same oute , and are indistinguishable from each other .測量測量只代表了,如果兩個關(guān)系系統(tǒng)都是相同的,否則資料遺失在映射。The measurement only represents that which is measured if the two relational systems are identical 。同樣地,抽象的關(guān)系系統(tǒng)確定圖像的結(jié)構(gòu)(例如,關(guān)系,適用于整數(shù)的數(shù)字)。The set of relations between the elements of the source set is referred to as the relational system (of the source set ).之間的關(guān)系的來源的元素將被稱為關(guān)聯(lián)系統(tǒng)(的源套)。和39。因此,對圖像集必須包含的元素(測量結(jié)果),有抽象符號具有獨特的意義,被定義,所有的觀察家們也一致。測量系統(tǒng)因此決定表示。轉(zhuǎn)換函數(shù)由任務(wù)的算法,結(jié)果或程序確定表示的實證數(shù)量由抽象符號。符號可以是數(shù)字(定量測量),還可以為例,定量測量)名字。 the elements of the image set are symbols of the abstract image set of symbols . The symbols can be numbers (quantitative measurements ) but can also be ,for example ,names (quantitative measurements ).換句話說,元素的來源是實證特點設(shè)置狀態(tài)和我們周圍的世界的現(xiàn)象。For example, the magnitude of the electrical current to be measured in the above example is (by measurement ) assigned a certain number (element ) out of the set of real numbers (image set ).例如,電流的大小來衡量在上面的例子中(通過測量)分配一定數(shù)量(元素)從套真實數(shù)字(圖像)。it forms an element of the image set in the abstract range space . 測量的量進(jìn)行測量)是一種元素的源設(shè)置情況,因為在電領(lǐng)域受到我們測量電流)但只有在一定范圍內(nèi)的大小(原理)。理論,((whi)或結(jié)果。如果性質(zhì)測量特點,還不知道的,它必須實現(xiàn)2 Measurement Theory In the previous section we have seen that measurements from the essential link between the empirical world and our theoretical ,abstract image of the world .This concept forms the basis of a theory of measurement .In this theory a measurement result is considered to be a representation of the actual empirical quantity .Measurement theory treats measurements as a mapping of elements of a source set belonging to the empirical domain space (see Fig . ) onto the elements of an image (or oute ) set which is part of the abstract range (or image ) space .在上一節(jié)中我們已經(jīng)看到,測量來自必要的聯(lián)系,我們的經(jīng)驗世界理論、抽象形象的世界。In the following ,we will define measurement as the acquisition of information in the form of measurement results ,concerning characteristics ,states or phenomena (the measurand )of the world that surrounds us, observed with the aid of measurement systems (instruments ).The measurement system in this context must guarantee the required descriptiveness ,the selectivity and the objectivity of the measurement .在下面,我們將定義測量信息獲取的測量結(jié)果不確定度的形式,對特征、國家或現(xiàn)象(世界上進(jìn)行測量在我們周遭,觀察與援助的測量系統(tǒng)(儀器測量系統(tǒng),在此背景下,必須保證所需的descriptiveness,選擇性和客觀性的測量。For the measurement instrument’s output ,therefore ,objectively observable output such as numbers on an alphanumerical display should be used rather than subjective assessment of such things as colour ,etc.. Designing such instruments ,which are referred to as