【正文】 incorporated elements of the EDVAC design of Eckert, Mauchly, and von Neuman. One was the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer, or EDSAC, which was developed in Cambridge, England. It first operated in May of 1949 and is probably the world’s first electronic storedprogram, generalpurpose puter to bee operational. The first puter to operate in the United States was the Binary Automatic Computer, or BINAC, which became operational in August of 1949. 在 EDVAC完成之前 ， 其他一些機(jī)器建成了 ， 它們吸收了 Eckert、Mauchly和 Neuman設(shè)計(jì)的要素 。這部機(jī)器被稱做電子離散變量自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī) , 或簡稱 EDVAC,是第一部包括了計(jì)算機(jī)所有特征的機(jī)器。 因此 ,它不具備計(jì)算機(jī)的所有特征 。 然而 ,它是由開關(guān)和繼電器控制的 ， 必須手工設(shè)定 。 The Invention of the Computer Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語 18 The ENIAC The ENIAC was a major advancement for its time. It was the first generalpurpose, electronic puting machine and was capable of performing thousands of operations per second. It was controlled, however, by switches and plugs that had to be manually set. Thus, although it was a generalpurpose electronic device, it did not have a stored program. Therefore, it did not have all the characteristics of a puter . ENIAC是當(dāng)時(shí)重要的成就 。 該工程于 1943年開始 ， 并于 1946年完成 。 it weighed 30 tons and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes. 也許早期最具影響力的類似計(jì)算機(jī)的裝置應(yīng)該是電子數(shù)字積分計(jì)算機(jī) ，或簡稱 ENIAC。然而，這些機(jī)器都不是真正的計(jì)算機(jī) ,因?yàn)樗鼈儾皇峭耆娮踊摹Ａ硪慌_機(jī)電式計(jì)算機(jī)器是由霍華德 .艾坎在 IBM的資助下于1943年在哈佛大學(xué)研制的。這些特性是：機(jī)器是電子的，具有儲存的程序 , 而且是通用的。從 20世紀(jì) 30年代到 40年代，制造了許多類似計(jì)算機(jī)的機(jī)器。Computer English Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語 12 Key points: useful terms and definitions of puters Difficult points: describing the features of puters of each generation Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語 13 Requirements: 1. The trends of puter hardware and software 2. Basic characteristics of modern puters 3. Major characteristics of the four generations of modern puters 4. 了解科技英語的特點(diǎn)，掌握科技英語翻譯要點(diǎn) Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語 14 New Words amp。 Expressions: puterlike a. 計(jì)算機(jī)似的 electromechanical a. 機(jī)電的 , 電機(jī)的 vacuum tubes 真空管 Census Bureau 人口普查局 thousands of 成千上萬的 known as 通常所說的 ， 以 …… 著稱 The Invention of the Computer Abbreviations: ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) 電子數(shù)字積分計(jì)算機(jī)， ENIAC計(jì)算機(jī) EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) 延遲存儲電子自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī) BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer) 二進(jìn)制自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī) UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 通用自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī) Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語 15 It is hard to say exactly when the modern puter was invented. Starting in the 1930s and through the 1940s, a number of machines were developed that were like puters. But most of these machines did not have all the characteristics that we associate with puters today. These characteristics are that the machine is electronic, that it has a stored program, and that it is general purpose. 很難確切地說現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)是什么時(shí)候發(fā)明的。但是這些機(jī)器大部分沒有今天我們所說的計(jì)算機(jī)的所有特征。 The Invention of the Computer Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語 16 The Invention of the Computer One of the first puterlike devices was developed in Germany by Konrad Zuse in 1941. Called the Z3, it was generalpurpose, storedprogram machine with many electronic parts, but it had a mechanical memory. Another electromechanical puting machine was developed by Howard Aiken, with financial assistance from IBM, at Harvard University in 1943. It was called the Automatic Sequence Control Calculator Mark I, or simply the Harvard Mark I. Neither of these machines was a true puter, however, because they were not entirely electronic. 第一個(gè)類似計(jì)算機(jī)的裝置之一是 1941年由德國的 Konrad Zuse研制的，叫做 Z3,它是通用型儲存程序機(jī)器，具有許多電子部件，但是它的存儲器是機(jī)械的。它被稱為自動(dòng)序列控制計(jì)算器 Mark I,或簡稱哈佛 Mark I。 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語 17 The ENIAC Perhaps the most influential of the early puterlike devices was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC. It was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania. The project began in 1943 and was pleted in 1946. The machine was huge。 它是由賓夕凡尼亞大學(xué)的 J. Presper Eckert 和 John Mauchly 研制的 。 這臺機(jī)器極其龐大 ， 重達(dá) 30噸 ， 而且包含 18,000多個(gè)真空管 。 它是第一臺通用型電子計(jì)算機(jī)器 ， 并能夠執(zhí)行每秒數(shù)千次運(yùn)算 。 因此 ， 雖然它是一個(gè)通用型電子裝置 ， 但是它沒有儲存程序 。 The Invention of the Computer Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語 19 The ENIAC While working on the ENIAC, Eckert and Mauchly were joined by a brilliant mathematician, John von Neuman. Together, they developed the idea of a stored program puter. This machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, or EDVAC, was the first machine whose design included all the characteristics of a puter. It was not pleted, however, until 1951. 在 ENIAC的研制中，一個(gè)天才的數(shù)學(xué)家 Von Neuman(馮 .諾伊曼 )加入到 Eckert和 Mauchly團(tuán)隊(duì) ,他們一起提出了儲存程序計(jì)算機(jī)的主意。然而 ,直到 1951年，它一直沒有完成。 其中一部是在英國劍橋研制的電子延遲存儲自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī) ,或簡稱 EDSAC， 它在 1949年 5月首次運(yùn)行 ， 它可能是世界的第一臺電子儲存程序 、 通用型計(jì)算機(jī)投入運(yùn)行 。 The Invention of the Computer Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語 111 The Invention of the Computer The UNIVAC I Like other puting pioneers before them, Eckert and Mauchly formed a pany in 1947 to develop a mercial puter. The pany was called the EckertMauchly Computer Corporation. Their objective was to design and build the Universal Automatic Computer or UNIVAC. Because of difficulties of getting financial support, they had to sell the pany to Remington Rand in 1950. Eckert and Mauchly continued to work on the UNIVAC at Remington Rand and pleted it in 1951. Known as the UNIVAC I, this machine was the first mercially available puter. 像他們之前的其他計(jì)算機(jī)先驅(qū)一樣 ,Eckert和 Mauchly在 1947年組成了一家公司開發(fā)商業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī) 。 他們的目標(biāo)是設(shè)計(jì)并建造通用自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)或 UNIVAC。 Eckert 和 Mauchly繼續(xù)在 Reming