【正文】 me modular design is also conducive to future maintenance because it allows changes to be made on a modular basis. (If a change is to be made to the way each employee39。確實(shí)，正是借助模塊化的分解方法，大型系統(tǒng)的實(shí)現(xiàn)才成為可能。 Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 615 The Cycle as a Whole The Traditional Development Phase It is a wellestablished principle that the best structure for a large software system is a modular one. Indeed, it is by means of this modular deposition that the implementation of large systems bees a possibility. Without such a breakdown, the technical details required in the implementation of a large system would exceed a human39。 Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 614 The Cycle as a Whole The Traditional Development Phase Design Whereas analysis concentrates on what the proposed system should do, design concentrates on how the system will acplish those goals. It is here that the structure of the software system is established. 設(shè)計(jì) 分析關(guān)注這個(gè)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該做什么，而設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)注這個(gè)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該怎樣來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)。 Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 613 The Cycle as a Whole The Traditional Development Phase After the system requirements are identified, they are converted into more technical system specifications. For example, the requirement that data be restricted to authorized personnel might bee the specification that the system will not respond until an approved eightdigit password has been typed at the keyboard or that data will be displayed in encrypted form unless preprocessed by a routine known only to authorized personnel. 系統(tǒng)的需求被確定以后，它們就轉(zhuǎn)化為更具技術(shù)性的說(shuō)明書。這些需求是從應(yīng)用的角度來(lái)表述，而不是用數(shù)據(jù)處理界的技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)。但是，如果系統(tǒng)是為特殊用戶設(shè)計(jì)的，那么這個(gè)過(guò)程就是一個(gè)更專業(yè)的調(diào)查。 An a ly sis De sig n Im p lem e n ta tio n Testin g Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 611 The Cycle as a Whole The Traditional Development Phase Analysis The development phase of the software life cycle begins with analysisa major goal being to identify the needs of the user of the proposed system. If the system is to be a generic product sold in a petitive market, this analysis would involve a broadbased investigation to identify the needs of potential customers. If, however, the system is to be designed for a specific user, then the process would be a more narrow investigation. 分析 軟件生命周期的開(kāi)發(fā)階段以分析開(kāi)始 ——主要目標(biāo)是確定用戶對(duì)所提出系統(tǒng)的需求。 In turn, most of the research in software engineering focuses on the development stage of the software life cycle, with the goal being to take advantage of this effortversusbenefit leverage. 反過(guò)來(lái)，大多數(shù)軟件工程的研究都集中于軟件生命周期的開(kāi)發(fā)階段，它們的目標(biāo)是要利用這個(gè)付出與收益的杠桿作用。事實(shí)上，常常是在這個(gè)階段，一個(gè)有用的軟件片段最終就被放棄了（常常是這樣），而開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)新的系統(tǒng)比成功地修改現(xiàn)有軟件更容易。否則，任何的修改將導(dǎo)致比它所解決問(wèn)題還要更多的問(wèn)題出現(xiàn)。例如，稅務(wù)法案的改變導(dǎo)致對(duì)計(jì)算扣稅的工資程序進(jìn)行修改，而太頻繁的修改則會(huì)在軟件的其他地方引起反面的作用，而這些是不會(huì)被立即發(fā)現(xiàn)的。s application occur that require corresponding changes in the software, or because changes made during a previous modification are found to induce problems elsewhere in the software. For example, changes in tax laws may require modifications to payroll programs that calculate withholding taxes, and all too often these changes may have adverse effects in other areas of the program that may not be discovered until some time later. 當(dāng)然，軟件不存在磨損的問(wèn)題。不同之處在于，對(duì)于其他產(chǎn)品，軟件工程中的修改階段要被更精確地稱作修理或者維護(hù)階段，因?yàn)槠渌a(chǎn)品由于部件的磨損會(huì)有從使用到修改的過(guò)程。這個(gè)圖說(shuō)明了一個(gè)事實(shí)：一旦軟件開(kāi)發(fā)完成，它就進(jìn)入了使用和修改的循環(huán)，并且這個(gè)循環(huán)將在軟件生命期的剩余時(shí)間中不斷進(jìn)行。 Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 66 The Cycle as a Whole The software life cycle is shown in Figure 61. This figure represents the fact that once software is developed, it enters a cycle of being used and modified that continues for the rest of the software39。 Expressions take the form of 采取 ...形式 entity 。 Expressions manufactured products 工業(yè)產(chǎn)品 lieu software life cycle 軟件生命周期 versus prep. 與 ...相對(duì) nondescriptive adj. 非描述性的 munity , 社會(huì) authorized , 經(jīng)授權(quán)的 leverage generic adj. 一般的 , 普通的 potential , 可能的 in terms of , 按照 , 用 ...的話 terminology personnel , 職員 inventory , 財(cái)產(chǎn)清冊(cè) adhere to , 粘著 , 堅(jiān)持 , 追隨 password , 口令 specification , 說(shuō)明書 , 規(guī)范 encrypt ,將 ...譯成密碼 preprocess ，預(yù)處理 routine modular , 有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組件的 wellestablished 充分證實(shí)的 deposition breakdown n. 分解，故障 pertaining to 與 ...有關(guān)的 maintenance , 保持 imperative ，命令式 paradigm ，模式 approach ,解決 。Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 61 Computer English Chapter 6 Software Engineering Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 62 ? 掌握軟件的生命周期的基本術(shù)語(yǔ)與知識(shí)； ? 了解軟件工程的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)； ? 了解軟件設(shè)計(jì)方法； ? 了解軟件安全的有關(guān)知識(shí)； ? 掌握復(fù)雜定語(yǔ) (從句 )的翻譯技巧。 Requirements: Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 63 New Words amp。 ,途徑 conducive ...的 evasive ；回避的；推托的 framework , 框架 , 結(jié)構(gòu) Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 64 New Words amp。 統(tǒng)一體 modular design 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì) , 模塊化設(shè)計(jì) objectoriented 面向?qū)ο蟮? stub , 樁模塊 give way to 讓路 ,讓步 trialanderror ，反復(fù)試驗(yàn) malfunction ，出錯(cuò) waterfall model 瀑布模型 analogy , 類推 after all stark trialandcreative 試驗(yàn)并創(chuàng)造的 nonstructure 非結(jié)構(gòu)性 intuition , 直覺(jué)的知識(shí) contradiction , 矛盾 incremental model 增量式模型 update , 更新； stepwise , 逐步的 prototype evolutionary prototyping 演化式原型 in favor of , 有利于 throwaway prototyping 拋棄原型 iron out 消除；解決困難等 documentation debugging spreadsheet , 電子數(shù)據(jù)表 Abbreviations CASE (puteraided software engineering) 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助軟件工程 GUI (Graphical User Interfaces) 圖形用戶界面 Chapter 6 Software Engineering 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 65 The Software Life Cycle The Cycle as a Whole U s e M o dif a c t i o n D e v e lo pm e n Figure 61 The software life cycle The most fundamental concept in software engineering is the software life cycle. 軟件生命周期是軟件工程中最基本的概念。s life. Such a pattern is mon for many manufactured products as well. The difference is that, in the case of other