【正文】 1958 At the same time that hardware was evolving, software was developing. The first puters were programmed in machine language, but during the first puter generation, the idea of programming language translation and highlevel languages occurred. Much of the credit for these ideas goes to Grace Hopper, who, as a Navy lieutenant in 1945, learned to program the Harvard Mark I. In 1952, she developed the first programming language translator, followed by others in later years. She also developed a language called Flowmatic in 1957, which formed the basis for COBOL, the most monly used business programming language today. 同時(shí) ， 硬件在進(jìn)化 ,軟件也在發(fā)展 。 它在 Remington Rand能夠造出 UNIVAC I的后續(xù)產(chǎn)品之前的 1955年首次交付使用 。 14 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers Computer Generations FirstGeneration Computers: 1951～ 1958 The UNIVAC I was not the most popular firstgeneration puter, however. This honor goes to the IBM 650. It was first delivered in 1955 before Remington Rand could e out with a successor to the UNIVAC I. With the IBM 650, IBM captured the majority of the puter market, a position it still holds today. 然而 ,UNIVAC I并不是最流行的第一代計(jì)算機(jī) 。 它還是第一部用于商業(yè)應(yīng)用的計(jì)算機(jī) 。 The UNIVAC I was the first mercial puter in this generation. As noted earlier, it was used in the Census Bureau in 1951. It was also the first puter to be used in a business application. In 1954, General Electric took delivery of a UNIVAC I and used it for some of its business data processing. UNIVAC I是第一代中最早的商業(yè)化計(jì)算機(jī) 。 真空管體積大且發(fā)熱嚴(yán)重 ,因此第一代計(jì)算機(jī)體積龐大 ， 并且需要大量的空調(diào)設(shè)備保持冷卻 。 UNIVAC I開(kāi)始了現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用 。 11 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers The Invention of the Computer The UNIVAC I The first UNIVAC I was delivered to the Census Bureau and used for the 1950 census. The second UNIVAC I was used to predict that Dwight Eisenhower would win the 1952 presidential election, less than an hour after the polls closed. The UNIVAC I began the modern of puter use. 第一臺(tái) UNIVAC I被交付人口普查局用于 1950年的人口普查 。 Eckert 和 Mauchly繼續(xù)在 Remington Rand公司從事 UNIVAC的研制工作 ， 并在 1951年取得成功 。 他們的目標(biāo)是設(shè)計(jì)并建造通用自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)或 UNIVAC。 The Invention of the Computer 10 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers The Invention of the Computer The UNIVAC I Like other puting pioneers before them, Eckert and Mauchly formed a pany in 1947 to develop a mercial puter. The pany was called the EckertMauchly Computer Corporation. Their objective was to design and build the Universal Automatic Computer or UNIVAC. Because of difficulties of getting financial support, they had to sell the pany to Remington Rand in 1950. Eckert and Mauchly continued to work on the UNIVAC at Remington Rand and pleted it in 1951. Known as the UNIVAC I, this machine was the first mercially available puter. 像他們之前的其他計(jì)算機(jī)先驅(qū)一樣 ,Eckert和 Mauchly在 1947年組成了一家公司開(kāi)發(fā)商業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī) 。 其中一部是在英國(guó)劍橋研制的電子延遲存儲(chǔ)自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī) ,或簡(jiǎn)稱 EDSAC， 它在 1949年 5月首次運(yùn)行 ， 它可能是世界的第一臺(tái)電子儲(chǔ)存程序 、 通用型計(jì)算機(jī)投入運(yùn)行 。然而 ,直到 1951年，它一直沒(méi)有完成。 The Invention of the Computer 8 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers The ENIAC While working on the ENIAC, Eckert and Mauchly were joined by a brilliant mathematician, John von Neuman. Together, they developed the idea of a stored program puter. This machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, or EDVAC, was the first machine whose design included all the characteristics of a puter. It was not pleted, however, until 1951. 在 ENIAC的研制中，一個(gè)天才的數(shù)學(xué)家 Von Neuman(馮 .諾伊曼 )加入到 Eckert和 Mauchly團(tuán)隊(duì) ,他們一起提出了儲(chǔ)存程序計(jì)算機(jī)的主意。 因此 ， 雖然它是一個(gè)通用型電子裝置 ， 但是它沒(méi)有儲(chǔ)存程序 。 它是第一臺(tái)通用型電子計(jì)算機(jī)器 ， 并能夠執(zhí)行每秒數(shù)千次運(yùn)算 。 這臺(tái)機(jī)器極其龐大 ， 重達(dá) 30噸 ， 而且包含 18,000多個(gè)真空管 。 它是由賓夕凡尼亞大學(xué)的 J. Presper Eckert 和 John Mauchly 研制的 。 6 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers The ENIAC Perhaps the most influential of the early puterlike devices was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC. It was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania. The project began in 1943 and was pleted in 1946. The machine was huge。它被稱為自動(dòng)序列控制計(jì)算器 Mark I,或簡(jiǎn)稱哈佛 Mark I。 The Invention of the Computer 5 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers The Invention of the Computer One of the first puterlike devices was developed in Germany by Konrad Zuse in 1941. Called the Z3, it was generalpurpose, storedprogram machine with many electronic parts, but it had a mechanical memory. Another electromechanical puting machine was developed by Howard Aiken, with financial assistance from IBM, at Harvard University in 1943. It was called the Automatic Sequence Control Calculator Mark I, or simply the Harvard Mark I. Neither of these machines was a true puter, however, because they were not entirely electronic. 第一個(gè)類似計(jì)算機(jī)的裝置之一是 1941年由德國(guó)的 Konrad Zuse研制的，叫做 Z3,它是通用型儲(chǔ)存程序機(jī)器，具有許多電子部件，但是它的存儲(chǔ)器是機(jī)械的。但是這些機(jī)器大部分沒(méi)有今天我們所說(shuō)的計(jì)算機(jī)的所有特征。Computer English Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers Key points: useful terms and definitions of puters Difficult points: describing the features of puters of each generation 2 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers Requirements: 1. The trends of puter hardware and software 2. Basic characteristics of modern puters 3. Major characteristics of the four generations of modern puters 4. 了解科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)，掌握科技英語(yǔ)翻譯要點(diǎn) 3 計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ) Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers New Words Expressions: puterlike a. 計(jì)算機(jī)似的 electromechanical a. 機(jī)電的 , 電機(jī)的 vacuum tubes 真空管 Census Bureau 人口普查局 thousands of 成千上萬(wàn)的 known as 通常所說(shuō)的 ， 以 …… 著稱