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分子生物學(xué)ppt課件(2)-展示頁(yè)

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【正文】 cter. it cannot rotate easily, so it is rigid . ? But other bonds can rotate the amino acid chains are flexible. Actually, protein molecules bend, fold, and twist to form plicated threedimensional structures. 15 / 45 ?肽鍵平面 :由于肽鍵具有部分雙鍵的性質(zhì),使參與肽鍵構(gòu)成的 六個(gè)原子被束縛在同一平面上 ,這一平面稱(chēng)為肽平面 (peptide plane) ? 但由于 ?碳原子 與其他原子之間均形成 單鍵 ,因此 兩相鄰的平面結(jié)構(gòu)可以作相對(duì)旋轉(zhuǎn) 。 16 / 45 ?Nterminus and Cterminus The ends of a protein chain are different. On one end, there is an amino group. This end is called the Nterminus. On the other end, there is a carboxyl group. And it is called the Cterminus. disabled amino acidic group 17 / 45 Protein Conformations Describing Protein Structure Chemical and Physical Basis for Protein Folding The flexibility of certain bonds in a polypeptide allows the chain to fold into plicated threedimensional structures. ?Different conformations of proteins give them specialized functions 18 / 45 Describing Protein Structure To simplify discussion of protein conformations, four levels of protein structure have been defined. ?Primary structure: sequence of amino acids ?Secondary structures: α helix and β sheet are the two major forms ?Tertiary structure: more plicated conformation of the whole polypeptide. It is posed of various secondary structures. ? Quaternary structure: shape of a protein that has multiple subunits. Each subunit has its own tertiary structure. 19 / 45 (1)蛋白質(zhì)的二級(jí) (Secondary structure)結(jié)構(gòu) 指肽鏈 主鏈的 折疊和盤(pán)繞方式。 ( 1) αhelix(螺旋 ) ( 2) βsheet(折迭 ) ( 3) βturn(轉(zhuǎn)角 /U形轉(zhuǎn)折 /回折 ) ( 4) random coil(無(wú)規(guī)卷曲 ) 20 / 45 HNHCCR2OHNHCR5CO(a) (b)( 1) Secondary structure: α helix α helix is a helical twisting of the polypeptide . H of an amino group interacts with a carbonyl oxygen four amino acids away. In an α helix, the R groups of the amino acids stick out from the helix. Hydrogen bond 21 / 45 從 N末端出發(fā),每個(gè)氨基酸殘基的 NH 與前面隔三 個(gè)氨基酸殘基的 C=O 形成氫鍵, 這樣構(gòu)成的由一個(gè) 氫鍵閉合的環(huán),包含 ??個(gè)原子 ?肽鏈上所有的肽鍵都能參與氫鍵的形成 , 以維持螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定 .. 22 / 45 (2)β sheet Hydrogen bond ?The binding occurs between polypeptide stretches that lie approximately parallel to each other. ?Hydrogen bonds are formed between the hydrogen atoms and oxygen on separate stretches of the polypeptide chain. ?β折疊是由 兩條或多條幾乎完全伸展的肽鏈平行排列 , 通過(guò) 鏈間的氫鍵 交聯(lián)而形成的扇面狀片層構(gòu)象 23 / 45 ?α碳原子 總是處于折疊的角上,氨基酸的 R基團(tuán) 交替分布在片層的兩側(cè)。 24 / 45 ?Parallel and antiparallel β sheets ?Parallel β sheet: stretches have same directions. ?Antiparallel :different directions. Nterminus of the top stretch is on the left, but that of the middle stretch is on the right. And that of the bottom one is on the left again. 25 / 45 ? 永久性卷發(fā)(燙發(fā))原理: ?角蛋白 在濕熱條件下伸展為 ?構(gòu)象 , 當(dāng)涂上氧化劑使 很多的 二硫鍵交聯(lián) ,因此當(dāng)外力解除后,肽鏈又恢復(fù)原狀 。的回折,這種陡然改變方向的肽段即 β 轉(zhuǎn)角。 回折 。 ? 彎曲處 第一個(gè) AA殘基的 C=O 與 第四個(gè) AA殘基的 NH之間形成氫鍵,使 轉(zhuǎn)角成為比較穩(wěn)定的結(jié)構(gòu)。 ? ( 5)無(wú)規(guī)則卷曲 ( randon coil) 無(wú)規(guī)則卷曲或稱(chēng)卷曲 (coil),泛指不能被歸入如折疊片或螺旋的明確的二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的多肽區(qū)段。 29 / 45 Pr主要二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu) 30 / 45 超二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)( supersecondary structure) ? 超二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)是介于蛋白質(zhì)二級(jí)
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