【正文】 2007 年6 月 5日摘 要 全球價(jià)值鏈分工是一種產(chǎn)品在多國(guó)或地區(qū)分工連續(xù)生產(chǎn)，伴有中間品的進(jìn)口和最終產(chǎn)品出口的國(guó)際分工形式。全球價(jià)值鏈分工深化了國(guó)際分工形式，從不同產(chǎn)品之間的分工走向了同一產(chǎn)品內(nèi)不同工序、不同價(jià)值鏈環(huán)節(jié)之間的分工；弱化了傳統(tǒng)分工的國(guó)家界限，分工的主體從國(guó)家過(guò)渡到企業(yè)；整合了各國(guó)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)由傳統(tǒng)分工中的本國(guó)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)演進(jìn)為世界比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。目前，國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)全球價(jià)值鏈分工的研究主要著眼于微觀主體的跨國(guó)公司或中觀的行業(yè)、地區(qū)的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群，從宏觀層次上、以國(guó)家為分析視角的基礎(chǔ)理論研究還顯得十分薄弱。本文緊緊圍繞著全球價(jià)值鏈分工的利益分配這一主題，對(duì)全球價(jià)值鏈分工的基礎(chǔ)、全球價(jià)值鏈分工的利益分離、全球價(jià)值鏈分工的利益分配格局、發(fā)展中國(guó)家在全球價(jià)值鏈分工中的利益提升以及中國(guó)在全球價(jià)值鏈分工體系中的戰(zhàn)略選擇等理論和現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了探討，認(rèn)為：作為傳統(tǒng)分工基礎(chǔ)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)，依然是全球價(jià)值鏈分工利益的來(lái)源；全球價(jià)值鏈分工產(chǎn)生的利益不再是一個(gè)密不可分的整體，而是出現(xiàn)了“產(chǎn)品利益”和“成本利益”、企業(yè)利益和國(guó)家利益、分工利益和交換利益、經(jīng)濟(jì)利益和社會(huì)利益的分離；以比較優(yōu)勢(shì)為基礎(chǔ)的全球價(jià)值鏈分工未必一定能促進(jìn)世界資源的優(yōu)化配置，而以規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)為基礎(chǔ)的全球價(jià)值鏈分工一定能夠增加世界經(jīng)濟(jì)利益；全球價(jià)值鏈分工從理論上能夠增加參與國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，但現(xiàn)實(shí)中的利益變動(dòng)卻十分復(fù)雜；跨國(guó)公司在全球價(jià)值鏈分工中整合了世界比較優(yōu)勢(shì)、產(chǎn)生了規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢(shì)、占據(jù)了價(jià)格傾斜優(yōu)勢(shì)、實(shí)施了轉(zhuǎn)移定價(jià)優(yōu)勢(shì)；發(fā)展中國(guó)家在全球價(jià)值鏈分工中一般會(huì)發(fā)生偏向勞動(dòng)要素密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，但如果發(fā)展中國(guó)家能夠充分利用本國(guó)的“重疊要素”，不斷優(yōu)化本國(guó)的要素結(jié)構(gòu)，就能夠縮短與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的差距乃至趕上發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家；中國(guó)由于“大國(guó)效應(yīng)”，其全球價(jià)值鏈分工利益現(xiàn)狀堪憂，應(yīng)該增加高級(jí)生產(chǎn)要素，打造企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，追求動(dòng)態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，并維護(hù)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)安全。第二、對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，全球價(jià)值鏈分工到底是“比較優(yōu)勢(shì)陷阱”還是“比較優(yōu)勢(shì)餡餅”，關(guān)鍵是看發(fā)展中國(guó)家是否充分發(fā)揮了本國(guó)的“后發(fā)優(yōu)勢(shì)”?！笆澜绻S”不應(yīng)該是我們追求的終極目標(biāo)，只能是我們?cè)谧呦蚴澜缃?jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國(guó)之路上所經(jīng)歷的一個(gè)過(guò)程。二是相對(duì)于林德?tīng)枺⊿．B．Linder）的“需求偏好相似論”（theory of demand preference similarity)，本文提出了“重疊要素理論”，似乎能夠從供給的角度彌補(bǔ)“需求偏好相似論”解釋產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)分工貿(mào)易需求角度假定的先天不足。關(guān)鍵詞 全球價(jià)值鏈分工 基礎(chǔ) 利益分離 利益分配格局 利益提升 戰(zhàn)略選擇The benefits distribution of the Global Value Chains SpecializationAbstract The Global Value Chains Specialization is an international specialization mode, in which a product is continuously produced in more than one country or region, with importing of some intermediate products and exporting of the final products. It is a new feature of the international work division under the circumstance of economy globalizing and condition of Knowledge Economy. It is also an important trend of contemporary international specialization of labor.The Global Value Chains Specialization has deepened the mode of international specialization. It has been changed from various products specialization to procedures or value chains specialization. National boundary of traditional division is fading out. The subject of specialization is transformed from countries to enterprises. It has also integrated the parative advantages of different countries. The national parative advantages in traditional division have been evolved into international parative advantages. During the changing of international division structure, the interest growth mechanism of international trade and how it was distributed between different countries, bee confusing. The multinational enterprises may hurt the benefit of some other countries or even the hosted country for its own better profit. The hosted country may gain the specialization benefit of the global value chains, while losing some benefit of exchanging. The developing countries can promote domestic economy by carrying on some industries that transformed from developed countries, but which could decrease the social welfare.The current domestic and foreign studies on the Global Value Chains are mainly focused on the micro subjects such as multinational panies, or medium subjects like industries, industrial cluster of a region. Basic academic study from perspective of macro level or based on analysis of countries is very limited. This paper is based on relative researches, following the basic developing path of the theory of traditional international division and trade, and trying to expand and consummate a part of logical chain of traditional division and trade theory. This part of logical chain has some break points, while explaining the Global Value Chains specialization. The paper is intended to upgrade the study on the Global Value Chains Specialization from the micro level to macro level of world benefit and country benefit.The paper focused on the subject of the Global Value Chains Specialization, discussing on the basis and profit separation of the Global Value Chains Specialization, how to increase developing countries’ benefit, and the academic and practical issues of China’s strategic choices in the system of the Global Value Chains Specialization. There are some issues of the discussion: As the basis of the traditional division, the parative advantage and economies of scale are still the source of interest of the Global Value Chains Specialization。 the Global Value Chains Specialization based on parative advantage would not necessarily be the optimum allocation of resources, but the Global Value Chains Specialization based scale economy will definitely increase the benefit of world economy。 within the Global Value Chains, the multinational panies have integrated the parative advantage of the world, thus gotten the advantage of scale economy, inclined price and implementation of the transfer pricing。 Because of the big power effects, the benefit situation of China in the Global Value Chains Specialization is worrisome: senior factors of production should be increased, to make the pany petitive edge, to pursuit dynamic economic benefit, and to safeguard national economic security.Based on analysis of the above issues, this paper drew the following conclusions: First, within the Global Value Chains Specialization, the participants using absolute superior value chain of their products with parative advantages will always gain their profit. If the participants use absolute superior value chain of product with parative disadvantage, their profits may suffer. But if the developing countries participate the Specialization with absolute superior value chain of their products with parative disadvantage, there will always be profit space. Second, for the developing countries, the Global Value Chains Specialization is in the end parative advantages traps or parative advantage pie, the key is to see whether the developing countries can full play their own the advantage of later striking”. Thirdly, the World Factory under the Global Value Chains Specialization is no longer the same concept as the traditional sense. World Factory should not be our ultimate goal, but only an experienced process in our path to world economic