【正文】 其他屬性。其他熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)包括熵，能量儲存形式，和焓。系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)的定義是通過列出其屬性。 功是指通過存在壓差（任一種力）的系統(tǒng)邊界傳遞能量的作用過程，總是指向低壓，如果系統(tǒng)中產(chǎn)生的總效果能被簡化為一個重物的提升，那么只有功通過了邊界，當(dāng)能量從系統(tǒng)中一出時，功是正的。Heat Q is the mechanism that transfers energy across the boundaries of systems with differing temperatures, always toward the lower temperature. Heat is positive when energy is added to the system. Work is the mechanism that transfers energy across the boundaries of systems with differing pressures (or force of any kind), always toward the lower pressure. If the total effect produced in the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight, then nothing but work has crossed the boundary. Work is positive when energy is removed from the system. 熱量Q與不同的溫度，跨系統(tǒng)的邊界傳輸能量總是向溫度較低的機(jī)制。更為復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)，其熵值越大，反之，有序或純配置是低熵之一。 conversely, an orderly or unmixed configuration is one of low entropy. Energy has the capacity for producing an effect and can be categorized into either stored or transient forms as described in the following sections. 熵和能量的概念，在任何熱力學(xué)系統(tǒng)操作。這些邊界可以是動產(chǎn)或固定的，真實的或想象。A thermodynamic system is a region in space or a quantity of matter bounded by a closed surface. The surroundings include everything external to the system, and the system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundaries. These boundaries can be movable or fixed, real or imaginary. 一個熱力學(xué)系統(tǒng)是一個在空間或有事項的數(shù)量由一個封閉的表面范圍內(nèi)的區(qū)域。周圍環(huán)境包括一切外部系統(tǒng)，系統(tǒng)是從周圍環(huán)境隔開的系統(tǒng)邊界。The concepts that operate in any thermodynamic system are entropy and energy. Entropy measures the molecular disorder of a system. The more mixed a system, the greater its entropy。熵措施分子系統(tǒng)紊亂。能源已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生效果的能力，并在下面的章節(jié)中所述，可以存儲或短暫形式分類。熱是積極的，當(dāng)能量被添加到系統(tǒng)中。A property of a system is any observable characteristic of the system. The state of a system is defined by listing its properties. The most mon thermodynamic properties are temperature T, pressure p, and specific volume v or density ρ. Additional thermodynamic properties include entropy, stored forms of energy, and enthalpy. Frequently, thermodynamic properties bine to form other properties. Enthalpy h, a result of bining properties, is defined as: h=u+pv where u is the internal energy per unit mass系統(tǒng)屬性是系統(tǒng)的任何觀察到的特征。最常見的熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)的溫度T，壓力P，和特定的體積V或密度ρ。焓H，一個屬性相結(jié)合的結(jié)果，被定義為：H = U + PV其中u是每單位質(zhì)量的內(nèi)部能量Each property in a given state has only one definite value, and any property always has the same value for a given state, regardless of how the substance arrived at that state. A process is a change in state that can be defined as any change in the properties of a system. A process is described by specifying the initial and final equilibrium states, the path (if identifiable), and the interactions that take place across system boundaries during the process. 中的每一個給定的狀態(tài)的屬性只有一個定值，和任何財產(chǎn)總是有相同的值給定的狀態(tài)，不管如何抵達(dá)該國的物質(zhì)。一個進(jìn)程是一個狀態(tài)的改變，在系統(tǒng)屬性的任何改變，可作為定義。A cycle is a process or a series of processes wherein the initial and final states of the system are identical. Therefore, at the conclusion of a cycle, all the properties have the same value they had at the beginning. A pure substance has a homogeneous and invariable chemical position. It can exist in more than one phase, but the chemical position is the same in all phases一個周期進(jìn)程的一個過程或一個系列，其中系統(tǒng)的初始和最終狀態(tài)是相同的的。它可以存在于超過一個階段，但在各個階段的化學(xué)成分是一樣的If a substance is liquid at the saturation temperature and pressure, it is called a saturated liquid. If the temperature of the liquid is lower than the saturation temperature for the existing pressure, it is called either a subcooled liquid (the temperature is lower than the saturation temperature for the given pressure) or a pressed liquid (the pressure is greater than the saturation pressure for the given temperature). 如果一種物質(zhì)在飽和溫度和壓力的液體，它被稱為飽和液體。If a substance exists as a vapor at saturation temperature and pressure, it is called a saturated vapor. When the vapor is at a tempe