【正文】 the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.短語：be thought of as：被認為是…釋義：因此，浸水樣本所含的所有水份必須被分為兩部分：可排除的與不可排除的。 this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.分句：“the ease with which water can flow through a material”：指水通過某一物質(zhì)的容易程度cavities and the crevices linking them：連接沙石的空隙和裂縫釋義：但需注意多孔性不同于可滲透性。 a mon exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.短語：solidified volcanic lava：硬化后的火山巖漿釋義：大多數(shù)結(jié)晶巖石更加堅硬；一個典型例外是玄武巖，一種硬化了的火山巖漿形式，它有時充滿了小氣泡，這使它非常多孔。 also, parts of the original grains may bee dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards.短語：be plugged with：被…塞住cementing chemicals：膠黏性化學物質(zhì)bee dissolved by：被…所溶解釋義：這是因為原始沙石間的縫隙通常并未被膠黏的化學物質(zhì)完全填塞；同時，部分原始沙石有可能被滲透下來的地下水溶解，溶解過程無論是在沙石堅化發(fā)生之時還是以后的某一時期都會進行。分句：any spot on the ground：地面上任何一點what was once the bed of a river：河流曾經(jīng)的河床地帶，作may overlie的賓語a river that has since bee buried by soil：已經(jīng)被土壤所掩埋的河流釋義：在低地國家，幾乎地面上任何一點都有可能疊加在被土壤掩埋的河流的河床上。 such beds are thousands of meters thick釋義：當河流接近湖泊或海洋時沉淀物也會被沉積下，沉積物起初會存在于湖床或海床，但隨著未來當海平面下降或陸地上升時，沉積物便會移動到內(nèi)陸去；這些沉積物層（such beds）有時有數(shù)千米厚。7. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises。6. The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sedimentladen river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fanshaped slope.短語：a sedimentladen river or stream：載滿沉積物的河流或小溪emerge from…onto：從…發(fā)源，流至…spreads out：向四周展開in the form of：以…的形式a smooth, fanshaped slope：光滑的扇形斜面釋義：如今也發(fā)生著同樣的事情，雖然規(guī)模較小。4. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed.短語：coarse sediment once flowed：曾經(jīng)漂流的粗糙沉淀物loads of：一載載的，一堆堆的釋義：只要哪里有湍急的河流載著粗糙的曾經(jīng)漂流的沉淀物，哪里就能發(fā)現(xiàn)這種物質(zhì)層。然而起初看來，堅硬的地面下居然能有足夠空間容納這么多水是不可思議的。新托福TPO真題閱讀第一周難句匯總帖TPO111. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.短語：soak into：滲入主干：Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground…釋義：普通氣象水是那些通過地表，從降水和河流滲入到地下的水分。2. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.短語：at first thought：起初看來分句：there it remains before emerging at the surface again：指在重新涌出地表之前，氣象水會存留（remains）在地下It seems incredible that…：…看上去是不可思議的釋義：在重新涌出地表之前，有時候有相當長一段時間，地下水都會存于地下。3. The monest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel.分句：particles of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel：疏松沙石的顆粒（如沙粒和小鵝卵石：sand grains and tiny pebbles）釋義：最普通的一種空隙存在于疏松而不堅實的沙石中的顆粒沙粒和小鵝卵石之間。5. the water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.短語：be laden with：負載著…pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash：指冰水沉積物包括鵝卵石、碎石和沙子分句：that was deposited as the flow slowed down：隨著水流漸緩而沉積下來釋義：融化的水總是載著被稱為冰水沉積物的鵝卵石、碎石和沙子，它們隨著水流漸緩而沉積下來。有滿載沉淀物的河流或小溪從山谷出發(fā)向下蔓延到相對平坦的地面，當水流漸緩時便將沉淀物留下：河水通常呈扇形展開，將沉淀物以光滑的扇形斜面形式沉積下來。 such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.分句：where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea：指河流在入湖或海（on entering a lake or sea）時流速減緩主干：Sediments are also dropped where…, the deposited sediments are on…, but will be located…, when…。8. In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since bee buried by soil。9. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals。10. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid。11. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material。可滲透性丈量的是水流通過某一物質(zhì)的容易程度，它取決于連接沙石的單個空隙和裂縫的大小。13. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away。 then the water will be firmly held.分句：drops (that are) too heavy for surface tension to hold：由于過重而導致巖石表面張力無法收控住的水滴surface tension holding them in place：將（水滴）收控住的表面張力…thin films, too light to overe the force of surface tension：薄膜過輕，無法掙脫張力的控制主干：If the pores are large, the water will exist as … and will drain away。TPO121. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.短語：semiarid areas：半干旱地區(qū)pass into：傳遞到，延伸到分句：at its lower edge：its指代“a lower timberline”，lower edge即指該樹帶界線的下限釋義：在許多半干旱地區(qū)有一種較低的樹帶界線1，該線以內(nèi)由于缺乏水分森林變?yōu)榛脑蛏衬?. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.短語：have advantage over：與…相比更具優(yōu)勢釋義：樹帶界線1的樹木通常是常青的，這表明在上樹帶界線1處極其惡劣的環(huán)境下，常青樹比落葉樹更有優(yōu)勢。5. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to highvelocity winds and poor, thin soils there.短語：be exposed to：暴露在…之中釋義：（在中高緯地區(qū)）由于雪在山谷中更深并且持續(xù)時間更長，樹木傾向于在山脊處長得更高，即便在那里它們要承受高風速和更加貧瘠的土壤。7. Latelying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves.短語：Latelying snow：久積不化的雪分句：where seedlings cannot establish themselves修飾point,establish意為“幼苗扎根生長”釋義：持續(xù)不化的雪會減少樹木有效生長的時間以至于幼