【正文】 7.6.5.4.3.It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, orarcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only onecustomer to view a short, 50foot film at any one time.短語(yǔ)：Kinetoscopeparlors：可理解為電影放映廳at any onetime:每一次機(jī)會(huì)分句：it:指代前句中的“Thomas Edison39。The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until itstechnology evolved from the initial peepshow format to the pointwhere images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater.短語(yǔ)：massconsumption：大眾消費(fèi)evolvefrom…to…：從…進(jìn)化到…分句：“its technology evolved from …to the point where…”表明電影進(jìn)化為大眾消費(fèi)的條件主干：The cinemadid not emerge as… until…釋義：即直到電影技術(shù)從最初的西洋鏡形式發(fā)展到劇院大熒幕播放后，電影才作為大眾消費(fèi)出現(xiàn)在公眾面前。22. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorouslyenforced program of land protection and covercrop planting may make itpossible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.短語(yǔ)：covercropplanting:作物覆蓋種植法；主干：in areaswhere…,a program of…may make it possible to…；釋義：注意，本句有言外之意，需準(zhǔn)確理解：雖然在那些土壤尚存的地區(qū)通過土地保護(hù)和覆蓋作物種植可能能夠減緩惡化（但對(duì)于已經(jīng)腐蝕嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)來(lái)說(shuō)，前景就不甚樂觀了）。20. The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areasof land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from thegreat difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.主干：theseriousness of desertification results from...,as well as from…；釋義：土壤沙漠化之所以后果嚴(yán)重就是因?yàn)椋?）它波及范圍廣，影響人口數(shù)目大；2）它難以被制止。 soil conditioner:土壤養(yǎng)分調(diào)節(jié)劑；主干：the use ofdried animal waste also hurt the soil because…；釋義：大量使用干燥動(dòng)物糞便作為替代燃料同樣對(duì)土壤造成損傷，因?yàn)檫@樣土壤的優(yōu)化劑和植物養(yǎng)分來(lái)源就不能回歸土地了。18. The increasing useof dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer beingreturned to the land.短語(yǔ)：dried animalwaste:干燥的動(dòng)物糞便；16. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of thenatural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of aplant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.短語(yǔ)：crop failure:作物歉收devoid of:缺乏susceptibleto：易受…影響分句：“devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion”作為定語(yǔ)修飾land主干：Since…,cropfailures leave tracts of land…釋義：由于作物種植必須要求除去原有植被，這樣作物種植失敗便遺留下大片缺乏植被、易受風(fēng)蝕水蝕的土地。 14. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressuresto provide them with food and fuel.短語(yǔ)：expanding populations:人口增多subject to:征服…使其…釋義：人為原因之一：人口激增導(dǎo)致土地必須承受提供食物和燃料的壓力。12. There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areasresults primarily from human activities rather than natural processes ratherthan natural processes.主干：desertification results from human activities釋義：本段主旨句，即大多數(shù)地區(qū)土壤沙化都是由于人類活動(dòng)而非自然原因?qū)е碌摹?1. The process may be accelerated insubsequent decades if global warming resultingfrom air pollution seriously increases.分句：if global warming resulting from air pullution seriously increase:條件從句，指出氣候干旱趨勢(shì)將會(huì)加劇的條件：如果空氣污染導(dǎo)致的全球變暖持續(xù)不斷惡化的話（if global warming seriously increase）。9. In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely asthe result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions.短語(yǔ)：a trend toward drier climatic conditions:氣候趨于干燥的趨勢(shì)釋義：即一些地區(qū)沙漠化加劇主要是由于當(dāng)?shù)貧夂蜈呌诟稍锏内厔?shì)。 impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clayparticles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surfacethat allows very little water penetration.短語(yǔ)：fine clayparticles:細(xì)小的泥土顆粒；waterpenetration:水分滲透；transfer…into…:將…移動(dòng)到…；主干：the impact ofraindrops tends to…；釋義：即雨水降落在疏松表土上，將性狀良好的泥土顆粒移動(dòng)到細(xì)小的沙間空隙中，進(jìn)而將其封住，形成一種幾乎不能吸收水分的表面。6. Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, thereduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil39。4. In some cases the loose soil is blown pletely away, leaving a stonysurface.釋義：沙漠化形成情況之一：疏松土壤被風(fēng)完全吹走，留下石化表面。2. The expansion ofdesertlike conditions into areas where they didnot previously exist is called desertification.短語(yǔ)：desertlike conditions:類沙漠狀況；主干：the expansion of desertlike conditions is calleddesertification；釋義：本句給出沙漠化定義，即類沙漠狀況向先前未出現(xiàn)類似情況的地區(qū)擴(kuò)張的現(xiàn)象被稱為沙漠化。TPO221. The deserts, whichalready occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth39。19. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion.釋義：注意probably和may,此為猜測(cè)，即Ambulocetus可能在陸地繁殖后代，并且它在陸地運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)類似現(xiàn)代海獅。18. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.分句：“the major means of lootion in modern cetaceans”修飾fluke,即現(xiàn)代鯨類在水中前進(jìn)時(shí)所依靠的是其三角狀尾鰭主干：the structure of the backbone shows that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales釋義：此處為事實(shí)3。 be ended in：末端是…分句：“ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped”：實(shí)際為“ended in long feet(which is)very much like those of a modern pinniped”,修飾long feet釋義：此處為事實(shí)2。 fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea.短語(yǔ)：a good portion of:很完好的一部分Basilosaurus.主干：Ambulocetus natans lived after Pakicetus but before Basilosaurus釋義：此句為事實(shí)1。PakicetusAmbulocetus natanson land”:（這后肢）太小以至于不可能支撐50英尺長(zhǎng)的Basilosaurus在陸地活動(dòng)釋義：此句為本段結(jié)論，即Basilosaurus絕對(duì)已是（undoubtedly）完全的海洋鯨類。分句：“would have been too small to have supported the 50footlongBasilosaurusBasilosaurus注意archaeocyte是鯨類動(dòng)物的一種已滅絕的祖先（已在上段中指出），由此可知原始鯨類Basilosaurus也是archaeocyte進(jìn)化過程中的階段性形態(tài)。Pakicefus.釋義：此句為事實(shí)1，即Basilosaurus生活于40 million年前，比化石P晚12 million年。分句：“l(fā)eft by the Tethys Sea”修飾sediments,即B骨架發(fā)現(xiàn)于T海遺留的沉積物中釋義：人們?cè)赥ethys海遺留的沉積物中發(fā)現(xiàn)了若干Basilosaurus的骨架，這些骨架現(xiàn)在位于撒哈拉沙漠中。12.11. It probably bred and gave birth on land.短語(yǔ)：fed on fish：以魚為食shallow water：淺水區(qū)釋義：注意suggested,此句為猜測(cè)2，即化石P可能生前靠淺水區(qū)魚類為食并尚未適應(yīng)海洋生活。Pakicetusis a transitional form between a group of extinct flesheating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans.9. Other features, however, show experts that釋義：此句為事實(shí)3，P頭骨缺少氣孔，該