【正文】 也就是labels），謂語是warn，賓語又是另一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句，在warn和賓語從句中插入among other things，表示賓語的內(nèi)容只是在warn（被警告的）眾多內(nèi)容中列舉的一個(gè)。這個(gè)句子的閱讀順序應(yīng)該是：第一層stepladders carry labels several inches long that，第二層是that warn that you might fall off，最后再看兩個(gè)插入的部分among other things和surprise! 三．分詞狀語和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的干擾分詞狀語就是指用doing或done引導(dǎo)的伴隨狀語、原因狀語等；獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)由with引導(dǎo)，看似主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，但實(shí)際上并沒有真正的謂語部分。在這里，我們不去仔細(xì)研究它們的語法構(gòu)成，而主要研究一下在閱讀時(shí)怎樣分辨主句和這些從屬部分?！? With引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在這個(gè)句子中做原因狀語，也就是說“因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)存癌癥的種類有120種之多，所以…”。由于這句話的狀語較長(zhǎng)，主語又是這樣的一個(gè)復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)，所以大家往往感到找不到這個(gè)句子的主干。由于單純doing的形式是不可以做謂語的，所以在這個(gè)句子里，discovering就絕不可能是謂語。Works雖然是謂語，但它是how cancer works這個(gè)從句中的謂語，而不是主句的謂語。 綜上，長(zhǎng)難句的出現(xiàn)大大增加我們理解的難度，成為我們獲取高分的“攔路虎”，其重要性不言而喻。因此本書就考研試題中閱讀理解和翻譯中出現(xiàn)的長(zhǎng)難句結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析，并給出科學(xué)合理的難句分析方法，指出其中的考查難點(diǎn)，并對(duì)如何恰當(dāng)翻譯它們給出建議，希望考生朋友能從中得到一些啟發(fā)。首先找到主句的主體部分（即主語、謂語和賓語），再確定從句的主體部分，如果從句中還有從句，在確定下面一層從句的主、謂、賓。二： 熟悉難句的類型以及特殊的分析技巧。 從短語類型上看,有分詞狀語,動(dòng)名詞短語, 介詞短語。從語氣看有虛擬語氣, 建議語氣等。三：利用語法、不靠語法。因此，攻克長(zhǎng)難句必須利用語法，快速找到句子主干，并最終完全熟悉各種類型的句子，達(dá)到一遍就可以讀懂句子的效果。第二章 難句結(jié)構(gòu)分析在對(duì)難句進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析之前，我們需要首先了解一下句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。 第一節(jié) 句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)1. 主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（SV）All the folks in the lobby were deeply movedThe existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented.2. 主系表(SVC)She is feeling depressed today.To be or not to be is a hard thing(SVO)They are talking loudly about the political affairs.All parents have to solve the problems of freedom and discipline.Early upbringing in the home is affected both by the cultural pattern of th munity and by the parents’ capabilities.(SVOdOi)He offered me a great hand(SVOC)Tom made Jim cry loudly.They let him try a third time.We consider it a good opportunity to study abroad。一、名詞性從句名詞性從句的本質(zhì)就是把一個(gè)完整的句子當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞來使用。名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。I can not imagine that Jim has made the same mistake that costs a heavy loss to our firm.She indicates that everyone should obey her orders and follow her advice.We do not suppose that she can be too weak to bear the burden.【真題例句】The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. 像Virtual Vineyards ：一個(gè)銷售適類商品的網(wǎng)站，如果將互動(dòng)、熱情服務(wù)、安全合理結(jié)合，肯定會(huì)吸引網(wǎng)上用戶的。ll do next.【真題例句】 One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general modity price inflation and global excess demand. 另外一個(gè)不應(yīng)因油價(jià)上升而失眠的原因是，與20世紀(jì)70年代不同，這次油價(jià)上升不是發(fā)生在普遍的物價(jià)暴漲及全球需求過旺背景之下。同位語是英語語法的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，也是各類考試中的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)，同時(shí)，在寫作中正確運(yùn)用同位語可以使你的句型更加簡(jiǎn)潔得體。） 在這里，a wild puma had been spotted fortyfive miles south of London就是同位語從句，它本來應(yīng)該放在 “reports”后面，這里卻被放在了謂語成分 came into London zoo的后面，目的是讓句型顯得更為穩(wěn)重。Example :I was greatly shocked when I heard the news that his father died yesterday. （that 引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了news的內(nèi)容，注意：that不做任何成分） Example :We have to face the fact that the weather is unexpectedly bad. （that 引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了fact的內(nèi)容）II．聯(lián)想記憶：能接同位詞從句的名詞有：belief（信仰），fact，idea，doubt，rumor（謠言），evidence（證據(jù)），conclusion（結(jié)論），suggestion（建議），problem，order，answer，discovery（發(fā) 現(xiàn)）explanation（解釋），principle（原則），possibility（可能性），truth，promise（承諾），report（報(bào)告），statement（聲明），knowledge（知識(shí)），opinion（觀點(diǎn)），likelihood（可能性）III．王牌要點(diǎn)： ● 同位語一般由that引導(dǎo)，但也可以用關(guān)系代詞which, who, what和關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how或 whether 引導(dǎo)。（非常經(jīng)典之功能句式，可用于四六級(jí)、考研英語和托福作文）： on the assumption（在……前提下），on the ground（由于……原因），on the condition that（在……條件下），with the exception（有……例外）owing to the fact（由于……事實(shí)）；on the understanding（基于……理解）；Example :The young lady promised to marry the old man on the condition that he bought her a villa. 那位年輕的女士答應(yīng)嫁給那位老頭，條件是他給她買一幢別墅。Example ：I39。ve got an answer that surprised me a lot.（定語從句，that做定語從句的主語） 【真題例句】Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. 這類人持極端看法，認(rèn)為人與動(dòng)物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，對(duì)待動(dòng)物無須考慮道德問題。 關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why 引導(dǎo)。t finish it in time. 8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war. 9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English. 10. In the Sunday paper there are ics, which children enjoy. 英語句型和漢語句型有著很大的差別，英語的中心在前面，定語這樣的修飾成分在后面，所以把英語叫做延展性語言；而漢語重心在后，定語修飾在前，所以為了避免前面過多成分，定語很短而且分句較多。2．弄清限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別，前者是主句中不可缺少的成分；后者與主句聯(lián)系松散，對(duì)主句是附加說明3．如果定語從句過長(zhǎng)，可以采取拆分法，把定語從句翻譯到后面去4．定語從句和主句往往存在邏輯關(guān)系，比如因果，讓步，目的等。比如：形容詞短語，介詞短語，分詞定語，介詞短語。三．狀語從句狀語從句的本質(zhì)就是用一個(gè)句子來作另外一個(gè)句子的狀語。常見的狀語從句的連接詞如下所示：① 原因：because, since, now that（既然）as, for, this reason.... ② 結(jié)果：so that, so, therefore, consequently, so as to, as a result ....例句：1) Since you have no idea of who will win, let us have a guess.2) Due to the leadership of Chinese Communist Party, all the people are regarded as having the equal rights to vote.3) As a result of heavy rain, she can not go to work and hence she is fired.4) Now that you have made a great success, why not tell us something unique and interesting about how you won it.5) She has been so careless that she did not avoid the ing truck.6) She abused drugs too much. Consequently, she died from cancer caused by drugs.7) By virtue of you kindness of helping the poor, you will be honored our hero.8) Thanks to your lending me the money, I bought a lot of useful things.9) We have sensed your anger. Thus we could say we are awfully sorry.③ 時(shí)間：after, before, when, while, as, until, as soon as, since, by the time, once, lately, presently, shortly after, currently, at present, nowadays ... 例句：1) AS soon as he es back home, he can not help but cry.2) It is the second time that you ask for a raise in pay.3) Not until they have e back will she go out for a piic.4) He felt sleepy while he listens to the classical music.5) All of you will be punished the moment the boss es back.6) Ever since he has passed away, the family business is in a mess.7) He was going to have a third try. Meanwhile, we should help him.8) At the very beginning, he failed. Then he analyze the reasons. Finally, it