【正文】 ? 2） In terms of semiotic systems: ? intralingual, interlingual and intersemiotic ? 從涉及到的語(yǔ)言符號(hào)來(lái)分類(lèi)，翻譯分為語(yǔ)內(nèi)翻譯（ intralingual translation)、語(yǔ)際翻譯 (interlingual translation)和符際翻譯 (intersemiotic translation)； ? 3) In terms of the media by which translation is done: ? oral, written and machine ? 從翻譯的手段來(lái)分類(lèi)，翻譯可分為口譯（ oral interlingual translation）、筆譯 (written interlingual translation) 和機(jī)器翻譯 (machine translation)； 4) In terms of the subject matter: ? literary, political, scientific, practical, etc. ? 從翻譯的題材來(lái)分類(lèi)，翻譯可分為專(zhuān)業(yè)文獻(xiàn)翻譯(translation of English for science and technology)、文學(xué)翻譯 (literary translation)和一般性翻譯 (practical writing translation)； 5） In terms of the manner: ? full, partial, selected, edited, etc. ? 從翻譯的處理方式來(lái)分類(lèi)，翻譯可分為全譯（ full translation）、摘譯（ partial translation）和編譯（ translation plus editing）。 etc. ? Some Quotations From Different Sources: ? (1) Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). ? . Catford ? (2)Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent in the source language, first in terms of meaning, secondly in terms of style. ? ? (3) 凡是翻譯必須兼顧兩方面，一是力求易解，二是保持原作的風(fēng)姿。 ? e. Translation is a language activity。 ? b. Translation is a science。 ? Giving the meaning of (sth said or written) in another language. (The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English)。但亙古以來(lái)，人類(lèi)從未停止溝通語(yǔ)言和交流文化的活動(dòng)，這活動(dòng)便是翻譯。 ? 從此以后，世界上的語(yǔ)言五花八門(mén)。耶和華便下界，弄亂了人們的語(yǔ)言，讓他們言語(yǔ)不通，交際受阻，同心也無(wú)法同力；于是，通天塔也就半途而廢。 ? 這時(shí)，耶和華臨界，看見(jiàn)人們正在修建通天塔。他們往東遷移的時(shí)候，在示拿發(fā)現(xiàn)一片平原，便在平原上居住下來(lái)。 ? A Coursebook on ? Pragmatic Translation ?英漢 — 漢英應(yīng)用翻譯綜合教程 ? 授課人：賀鴻莉 ? Lecture 1 ?Introduction to Translation ? I. What is Translation? ? 1. A story of translation in Bible ? Long long ago, all the people speak the same language . When they transferred to the east, they found a plain and then lived there. They decided to build a tall tower, so that it can stretch to the heaven and they can live in the heaven. When Jesus saw this, he was afraid that if all the people speak the same language, they can do everything they want. So Jusus went down from the heaven and confused their languages so they couldn’t municate with each other and they didn’t finish the Bable Tower. Since then, people lived in different places and spoke different languages. Hence es the translation. ? 《 圣經(jīng) 》 中的創(chuàng)世紀(jì)載有這樣一則故事： ? 洪水消落以后，諾亞的子孫在地球上繁衍生息，分住在不同的部落。當(dāng)時(shí)天下人操同一口音，講同一種語(yǔ)言。他們商量燒制磚塊，合上灰泥，修建一座城池和一座高塔，塔頂要通天，以便揚(yáng)名天下，不致分散居住在地上。耶和華想：這些人若講一種語(yǔ)言，凡事便可心想事成，無(wú)可不為了。人們只得按耶和平共處的意愿，離開(kāi)這座城池，分散到世界各地，講著各自的語(yǔ)言。語(yǔ)言的隔閡阻礙著人類(lèi)交往，阻礙著文化交流也阻礙著文明的發(fā)展。 ? 2. Some Definitions of Translation：（翻譯的定義和內(nèi)涵） ? 中文的 “ 翻譯 ” 一詞詞義豐富，可表達(dá)四種不同的含義： ? Translating 翻譯過(guò)程 ? A translation 譯作 ? Translation 翻譯（包括翻譯過(guò)程和該過(guò)程的產(chǎn)品） ? Translator 譯者 ? What is translation? ? A bookish man tends to resort to the definitions found in the dictionaries. He then would believe that translation means: ? Changing (speech or writing) from one language into another. (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)。 ? Expressing in another language, systematically, retaining the original sense. (Amercian Heritage Dictionary). ? All these definitions are simple and straightforward and they do help us understand translation in some sense. But we can never start any scientific research just with such simple and general definitions. A translator is always puzzled over such questions as: ? Must his translation give the words or the ideas of the original? ? Should his translation reflect the style of the original or that of his own? ? Should his translation read like