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D 賈珍感謝不盡, 說 :“侍服滿,親帶小犬到府叩謝。 Keep fit, study well and word hard. 此句中的 “好”不能統(tǒng)統(tǒng)譯為 good或 well,而應(yīng)根據(jù) keep, study和 work這三個(gè)動(dòng)詞在英語中地道的搭配關(guān)系來選詞。 Peter Newmark( 1981: 180)指出,用外語寫作或翻譯最容易出錯(cuò)的地方不是語法、詞匯,而是搭配。 而行賄時(shí)所送的現(xiàn)金也稱做紅包 , 這時(shí)應(yīng)用 bribe. b: …… 路上浮塵早已刮凈 ,剩下一條 潔白 的大道來 ,車夫也跑得更快 . By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the roadway clean, and the rickshaw man quickened his pace. c:據(jù)傳說 ,五十年代中期 ,渠邊那莊子有一個(gè)黃花閨女 ,為了抗拒父母包辦的婚姻 ,大白天就跑過斗渠到這屋里來上吊 .這是個(gè)上吊的 好地方 ,屋頂上沒有頂棚 ,彎完扭扭的木頭椽子露在外面 ,隨便哪根椽子都可以搭上繩子 . As a story goes in the mid 1950s there lived a hamlet over the other side of the gully a maiden who was in the protest against her parents’ dictatorially arranged marriage escaped in broad daylight across the gully, slipped into the hut—and hanged herself! There was no ceiling, only crooked, bare rafters overhead, conveniently accessible for a rope to hang from. A most suitable place, indeed, for such a purpose. d: 我在學(xué)校讀書的時(shí)候 ,有所謂 “ 強(qiáng)迫 運(yùn)動(dòng)” ,我踢破過幾雙球鞋 ,打斷過幾只球拍 .因此僥幸維持下來最低限度的體力 . In my school days, in response to the socalled ―pulsory physical exercises‖, I went in for many sports at the expense of many pairs of sneakers and rackets, thus luckily building up a minimum of good physique. 此處的“強(qiáng)迫”一詞不能譯為 forced. 根據(jù)語言語境選擇譯文用詞 * 近義詞 的細(xì)微差別給語言的正確使用造成了不小的麻煩,在翻譯的表達(dá)階段,譯者要根據(jù)譯語的語言語境來調(diào)整自己的表達(dá)方式,使譯文用詞符合譯語的規(guī)范。 b: It is built with bamboo as the frame. it’s Atyped roof is covered with straw or pine bark and all the three sides near the river are parapet walls woven with the pine bark. Here you can sip tea with the pleasant breeze from all directions. Even in the hottest days of the year, the tea stall is still a place for refreshment. 詞語的翻譯與語言語境 根據(jù)語言語境確定原文詞義 * 搭配 (collocation)指的是語言系統(tǒng)內(nèi)各個(gè)語言成分的同現(xiàn)和組合 ,是語言語境重要組成部分 . * 根據(jù)詞語的搭配關(guān)系確定詞義是在翻譯的理解階段辨析詞義時(shí)經(jīng)常采用的手段 . * 詞語與其所處的語言環(huán)境中其他語言成分的搭配關(guān)系能幫助我們辨析多義詞的義項(xiàng) . 例如 : a: ―紅包”一詞 ,過年 ,婚慶 ,生日等場(chǎng)合所送的紅包指的是 “禮金” , 應(yīng)譯做 gift money。 The thing which gives man most food for thought is the leisure in autumn clouds. As they drift away from the human world, they are so pale, so calm and silent, so indifferent to the worldly sadness and happy outcries…It sets all the praise and love outside its own pale sense and is willing to be in peacefulness and quietness, which can neither be held nor possessed…Autumn. 數(shù)詞:指稱意義,蘊(yùn)涵意義 例如: a: … 三十六家花酒店,七十二座管弦樓。那葉向前不得 ,向后不得 ,急得幾乎哭出來 。 * 同一詞語的蘊(yùn)涵意義是不同的。第 3 章 詞語的翻譯 ? 指稱意義與蘊(yùn)涵意義的理解與表達(dá) * 指稱意義是詞的確切和字面的意義 ,原語的指稱意義多數(shù)能在譯語中得到基本對(duì)等的表達(dá) . 例如漢語中的月亮和英語中的 moon都反映 了相同的客觀事物 ,其指稱意義完全對(duì)等 . * 兩種語言的可譯性正是由指稱意義的基本對(duì)等決定的 * 詞語的指稱意義往往具有多重性 ,即一個(gè)詞語具有幾種不同的指稱意義 . 例如 :“ 包袱 ” 一詞既可以指用布包起來起來的包兒 ,又可以指相聲等曲藝節(jié)目中的笑料 . * 詞語的搭配關(guān)系 辨析詞語多重義項(xiàng)的依據(jù) ,也是翻譯中理解詞義的重要手段。 例如 :英軍勝利地 登上 了小島 . a. The British army climbed onto the island successfully. b. The British army landed on the island successfully. ―登”一詞既有“爬,攀登”之意,又可理解為“登陸”.從本句的上下文看,登這一動(dòng)作的施動(dòng)者是軍隊(duì),對(duì)象是小島而非高山,“登上”意為登陸上岸,應(yīng)譯作 land on,而非 climb onto. 例如 :他 是 我父親. He is my father. 這姑娘 是 漂亮. This girl is really beautiful. 此人 是 書就讀. This man reads every book he can reach. 是 可忍,孰不可忍? If this can be tolerated, what can not? 是 古非今 praise the past to condemn the present 例如: 知 之為 知 之,不 知 為不 知 ,是 知 也. When you know a thing, to hold that you know it, and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it—this is knowledge. ( James Legge譯) 前四個(gè)“知”為“知道”的意思,最后一個(gè)為 “學(xué)識(shí)修養(yǎng)”. 例如:他對(duì)事情的進(jìn)展情況也還滿意. He is quite satisfied with the way things went. “也”在句中是表示程度的副詞,不可做“同樣”解,不應(yīng)譯為 also或 as well. 蘊(yùn)涵意義的理解與表達(dá) * 蘊(yùn)涵意義指詞語內(nèi)含的情感與聯(lián)想意義,是詞語的隱含意義,反映特有的思維方式和社會(huì)文化。 例如:月亮與月球的指稱意義相同,但月亮在漢語語言文化中又被賦予了團(tuán)圓 ,愛情 ,故鄉(xiāng)等含義 . moon與月亮指稱意義相同 ,但對(duì)英美人士 ,月亮使他們聯(lián)想到反復(fù)無常的性格 ,陰森的氣氛 ,甚至是在月圓之夜現(xiàn)身的狼人 . * 因此 ,譯者應(yīng)在深諳兩種語言和文化的基礎(chǔ)上盡可能忠實(shí)地再現(xiàn)原文的蘊(yùn)涵意義 ,真正做到達(dá)意傳神 . * 詞語的蘊(yùn)涵意義主要體現(xiàn)在詞語的修辭色彩 ,文體特征 ,文化內(nèi)涵等方面 . * 修辭色彩集中體現(xiàn)在漢語的國(guó)俗詞語中 ,如俗語 ,成語 ,歇后語等 . 翻譯時(shí) , 應(yīng)盡可能反映原文的獨(dú)特的文化信息和審美價(jià)值 . 例如 : a : 他是個(gè) 紙老虎 . He is a paper tiger. b : 咱倆的事 ,一條繩拴著兩只螞蚱 —誰也跑不了 ! We are like two grasshoppers tied to one cord, neither can get away! c … 只因生得嫵媚風(fēng)流 ,滿學(xué)中都送了兩個(gè)外號(hào) : 一個(gè)叫 “香憐” , 一個(gè)叫 “玉愛” . But on account of their good looks and charm they were nicknamed Sweetie and Lovely. … because of their glamorous looks and effected manners, were universally know by the nickname of Darli