【正文】
h regulations limited opportunities and risks, they virtually guaranteed a profit. 5/34 Two areas of changes ? Traditional role of banks as financial intermediaries declined ? New products such as cash management accounts, mutual funds, mercial paper, and junk bonds have bee more prevalent. ? Banks have responded by accepting lower spreads, taking on more risk, and expanding their customer and product base. ? Evolution of banking into nontraditional roles 6/34 Evolution of banking into nontraditional roles ? Expand into nontraditional areas and products to generate more fee ine. ? Investment banking, offbalance sheet activities ? Actively pursue the use of technology in the development and delivery of products. ? Inter banking ? GrammLeachBliley Act eliminates most of the remaining restrictions that have separated mercial banking, investment banking, and insurance for over 70 years. 7/34 Deregulation and Competition ? Many analysts attribute much of the change in the financial services industry to deregulation. ? Deregulation was a natural response to increased petition rather than the catalyst of petition. ? petition between depository institutions and nondepository financial firms, and ? petition between the same type of petitors across world markets ? Deregulation sped up the process, but did not necessarily start it. 8/34 Regulatory Dialectic ? Since World War II, banks and other market participants have consistently restructured their operations to circumvent regulation and meet perceived customer needs. In response, regulators or lawmakers wou