【正文】 ds. But within its own cultural system, it has its rationality of existence. It must not be understood as a standard of value advanced, while another behind. In Chinese culture, people advocate modest and polite. Adaptable and contentment are seen as a pursuit of the realm. Temperate, kind, courteous, restrained and magnanimous are regarded as firm beliefs. But petitive, self expression and personal highlight are met cold eyes, and even treated unfairly. The pursuit of personal development is seen as a serious individualism. And individualism in the collective orientation dominated Chinese culture, is bound to be condemned for. In western culture, taking all things calmly is seen as an expression of the lack of entrepreneurial spirit, is synonymous with laziness and inpetence. Individualism is the core of its values. This culture advocates independent thinking and judgment, encourages people to rely on their ability to achieve their personal interests. Individualism means not only the pursuit of personal material interests, but also the pursuit of differences. In Oriental culture, especially in China, North Korea South Korea and other countries, in addition to guard home, dogs can be eaten. Words used in the Chinese culture, dog is a derogatory 江蘇科技大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院研究生課程論文 4 word, such as “狗仗人勢(shì) ” “狗尾續(xù)貂 ” “狗頭軍師 ” “狗血噴頭 ”. But in Western culture, the dog is seen as man39。s behavior with the criteria of their own cultures. The munication barriers have been caused by pragmatic transfer are not rare. The use of language varies from culture to culture. Standards of a culture in itself can only be interpreted in accordance with specific conditions. The underlying causes of munication failure are that people lack sensitivity to sociolinguistic differences and they will unconsciously use pragmatic transfer. Prejudice It is the personal attitude towards intercultural munication. Attitudes are psychological states that predispose us to act in certain ways when we e across social events or objects in our environment. Among all the formed attitudes, prejudice is one of the most influential and effective ones. Definition of Prejudice Prejudice is a rigid attitude that is based on group member and predisposes an individual to feel, think, or act in a negative way toward another person or group of persons. (Bradford ?J? Hall 198). It is a presupposition to either act, think, or feel in a negative way, it is not always obvious to those who are the target of the prejudice or to those observing from a distance that prejudice is being expressed. Prejudice is based on categorization and the desire to control others in ways that demean them directly or indirectly. This definition of prejudice also recognizes that not all negative interactions involving people of various groups are an expression of prejudice. It is difficult with some outward actions to determine whether they are expressions of prejudice. In particular circumstances, a person may say something rude 江蘇科技大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院研究生課程論文 6 to his or her good friend. Expressions of Prejudice Prejudice is expressed in a variety of ways at times subtle and on other occasions overt. Five of those expressions were discussed by Allport. (Samovar. 247). Knowing how prejudices manifested will help you identify your own prejudices and in so doing will improve the manner in which you perceive, approach, and interact with other people. Antilocution or Verbal Abuse This level of prejudice involves talking about a member of the target group in negative and stereotypic terms. For example, Chinese people are called “Chink”, Polish are called “Pollack”, Japanese “Jap”, Irish “Mick”, Black people “Negros” or “Coon”. Between 1990 and 1991, during the war between America and Iraq, Arab Americans were called “sandsucker”, “towelhead”, “sand negro”, “camel jockey” and “raghead” by some Americans. Besides, American white people prone to say Dead Indians are good Indians” to humiliate the natives in America ever before. The fact that American Indians were nearly killed out by white people represents the dark side resulting from prejudice. Avoid People also show their prejudice when avoid contact with the disliked group. It is not only psychological avoidance, resulting from the differences of language systems, religious beliefs, and behaviors, excluding from certain kind of people, but also avoid contact in behaviors. For example, it is an inconceivable thing if you let Irish Catholics and Protestants work and have dinner together. These two religious groups, because of the different religious beliefs, have the feud for centuries. So, there