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【正文】 ePMR ??1) 幾何圖形證明法 ( 作輔助線 FB和 BG，略 ) 證明如下： A P($) MR D H G 0 Q F B C 13 ?完全壟斷 廠商所面臨的需求曲線 2) 微分證明法 )(e )e1P ( 1 )(e )e1P ( 1 )dQdPPQP ( 1PddP dQPddPd)d ( PdQd T RMRQP//被看作為絕對(duì)值被看作為負(fù)值????????????????????dPdQPdPQdQe14 Optimal Price Regulation ?Price regulation can eliminate DWL. ?Regulation is optimal if it leads to the petitive oute. 15 Figure Optimal Price Regulation p , $ per unit Regulated demand Market demand Q , Units per day 24 12 8 6 0 MR MR r MC 18 24 16 D E C B A e m e o 16 內(nèi) 容 一、永久性和暫時(shí)性自然壟斷 二、劣加性和復(fù)合產(chǎn)品壟斷 三、可選擇的政策方案 17 ? 永久性自然壟斷：長期平均成本隨產(chǎn)出增加連續(xù)下降。 11 ?完全壟斷 廠商所面臨的需求曲線 需求曲線 (D)和邊際收益曲線 (MR)之間的關(guān)系 由于需求曲線為負(fù)斜率，所以邊際收益曲線也為負(fù) 斜率，并且邊際收益曲線低于需求曲線一半。這樣，壟斷廠商的邊際收益MR必定小于產(chǎn)品售價(jià) P。整個(gè)市場的需求曲線就是對(duì)該壟斷產(chǎn)品的需求曲線。s demand curve is market demand curve. ?Its demand curve is downward sloping. ?It doesn39。1 第三章 自然壟斷理論 2 Monopoly ?A monopoly is the only supplier of a good for which there is no close substitute. ?A monopoly39。s output is the market output. ?A monopoly39。t lose all its sales if it raises its price. ?A monopoly is a price setter, not a price taker. 3 Monopoly Profit Maximization ?Monopolies, like other firms, maximize profits by choosing quantity such that: marginal revenue = marginal cost MR(Q) = MC(Q) ?But with a monopoly, MR(Q) ≠ P. 4 How Do Monopolies Arise? ?A firm has a cost advantage over other firms (. due to better technology). ?Government regulation prevents entry. ?Several firms merge into a single firm. ?Firms act collectively = a cartel. ?Firms use strategies such as threats of violence that discourage other firms from entering market. 5 Natural Monopoly ?A market has a natural monopoly if one firm can produce total market output at lower cost than could several firms. ?If cost for Firm i to produce qi is C(qi), the condition for a natural monopoly is ?C(Q) C(q1) + C(q2) + ... + C(qn), ?where Q = q1 + q2 + .. + qn is sum of output of any n 2 firms 6 Natural Monopoly, 2 ?Equivalently, natural monopoly arises if the longrun AC curve is declining. ?This corresponds to a technology characterized by economies of scale. 7 Figure Natural Monopoly 15 20 40 10 6 0 12 15 AC = 10 + 60/ Q MC = 10 Q, Units per day AC , MC , $ per unit 8 ?完全壟斷情況下的市場需求 ?完全壟斷廠商所面臨的需求曲線 在完全壟斷情況下，市場上只有一個(gè)壟斷廠商以某個(gè)價(jià)格銷售產(chǎn)品，所以壟斷者是“ 價(jià)格的設(shè)立者 ”。 需求曲線的含義是： 如果該壟斷廠商要銷售更多產(chǎn)品，則必須降低價(jià)格 。 (比較：在完全競爭條件下 MR=P) 9 ?完全壟斷情況下的市場需求 ?完全壟斷廠商所面臨的需求曲線 價(jià)格 產(chǎn)量 總收益 邊際收益 0 0 1 2 * 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 7 5 (3) 1 1 3 5 7 Q P($) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MR B A C F D B’ F’ C’ B’’ e1 e=1 e1 10 ?完全壟斷 廠商所面臨的需求曲線 完全壟斷條件下廠商的總收益與銷售量之間的關(guān)系 P($) D Q 4 8 4 8 8 4 TR 0 0 總收益 $ 16 Q e1 e＝ 1 e1 總收益先隨著銷售量的增加而增加，達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)后開始下降 。 具體證明如下： 2 b QadQ2 b Q d QdQdQa dQb Q ) Q ]d [ ( adQ)Qd ( PdQd T RMRbQaP－＝－＝＝＝＝則邊際收益
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