【正文】 的生態(tài)服務(wù)可以通過貿(mào)易獲取回報(bào)時(shí)代的到來?！毒┒甲h定書》之下的清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制（ CDM）明確將造林和再造林作為減少溫室氣體排放、緩解氣候變化的措施之一，允許發(fā)達(dá)國家通過在發(fā)展中國家實(shí)施造林和再造林項(xiàng)目，抵消他們的減排義務(wù)，通過市場實(shí)現(xiàn)森林生態(tài)效益價(jià)值的補(bǔ)償。森林是陸地上分布面積最大、組成結(jié)構(gòu)最復(fù)雜、生物多樣性最為豐富的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，具有顯著的固碳功能，在減緩全球氣候變化中具有不可替 代的地位和作用，被譽(yù)為大自然的總調(diào)節(jié)器。 1994 年 3 月 21 日《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》生效。 I 清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制（ CDM）造林再造林碳匯項(xiàng)目 調(diào) 查 設(shè) 計(jì) 指 南 （試行） 二○○五年十二月修改稿（二） I 目 錄 1 范圍 ..................................................................................................................................... 2 2 規(guī)范性引用文件 ................................................................................................................... 2 3 術(shù)語和定義 .......................................................................................................................... 3 4 總則 ..................................................................................................................................... 6 5 準(zhǔn)備工作 .............................................................................................................................. 7 組建隊(duì)伍 .................................................................................................................... 7 開展培訓(xùn) .................................................................................................................... 7 制訂計(jì)劃 .................................................................................................................... 7 工具準(zhǔn)備 .................................................................................................................... 7 6 造林作業(yè)區(qū)區(qū)劃 ................................................................................................................... 8 區(qū)劃原則 .................................................................................................................... 8 區(qū)劃方法 .................................................................................................................... 8 7 本底調(diào)查 .............................................................................................................................. 9 項(xiàng)目區(qū)基礎(chǔ)信息 .......................................................................................................... 9 造林作業(yè)區(qū)現(xiàn)狀 .........................................................................................................10 生物多樣性現(xiàn)狀 .........................................................................................................12 社區(qū)評估 ...................................................................................................................13 泄漏分析 ...................................................................................................................14 額外性評價(jià) ................................................................................................................14 碳匯基線測量 ............................................................................................................15 資料整理分析 .............................................................................................................15 8 項(xiàng)目規(guī)劃 .............................................................................................................................16 分析問題 ...................................................................................................................16 確立目標(biāo) ...................................................................................................................16 規(guī)劃活動 ...................................................................................................................16 制訂方案 ...................................................................................................................16 9 造林設(shè)計(jì) .............................................................................................................................17 造林技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì) ............................................................................................................17 幼林撫育設(shè)計(jì) ............................................................................................................18 種苗設(shè)計(jì) ...................................................................................................................19 輔助工程設(shè)計(jì) ............................................................................................................20 用工量、耗材量及經(jīng)費(fèi)測算 .......................................................................................20 施工組織設(shè)計(jì) ............................................................................................................21 編制造林作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)圖表 ..............................................................................................21 10 項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì) ...........................................................................................................................22 項(xiàng)目范圍 .................................................................................................................22 項(xiàng)目目標(biāo) .................................................................................................................22 項(xiàng)目活動 .................................................................................................................22 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及對策 ..............................................................................................................22 本底預(yù)測 .................................................................................................................22 II 11 質(zhì)量管理 ...........................................................................................................................23 12 資格與責(zé)任 .......................................................................................................................23 13 文件組成 ...........................................................................................................................24 14 成果評審 ..........................................................................