無形資產(chǎn)管理、計(jì)量和呈報(bào)外文翻譯-展示頁
2025-05-27 00:56本頁面
【正文】 iatives, particularly of firms operating in hightechnology sectors and using cutting edge technology. When information is available, investors distinguish among different stages of the Ramp。D and firms’ technology. Concerning capital market studies, the research persuasively indicates that investors regard Ramp。 hence Ramp。D and its subsequent benefits. These measurement difficulties have prompted a search for alternative and more reliable indicators of Ramp。D and the realization of benefits (such as sales) is often 13 long (particularly for basic research) and generally unknown, increasing the uncertainty about the estimated Ramp。D inputs (intensity, capital) to firms’ productivity, sales, or profit growth, in an attempt to estimate the return on corporate investment in innovation as well as to examine macroeconomic issues, such as the productivity decline in the United States in the 1970s and early 1980s. This methodological approach encounters various problems。D (granted primarily to government contractors).The fact that most contracts with the government are based on costplus terms may partially explain this findings. This result should not detract from the significant contribution to the industrial and technological infrastructure of publicly funded research conducted by government agencies and in federal laboratories (such as the contribution by the National Institutes of Health to pharmaceutical and biotech panies) as well as the substantial contribution of university research to technology. It should be noted that much of the research summarized above was based on survey data and industry aggregates, due to severe limitations in corporate published data. In fact, most of the examined variables and attributes—such as basic versus applied research and pany versus governmentsponsored Ramp。D (see chapter 2), but it is inconceivable that risk differentials by themselves account for a threetoone productivity of basic research. The contribution of corporatefinanced Ramp。D ,such as product development and process Ramp。D expenditures contribute significantly to the productivity(value added) and output of firms ,and the estimated rates of return on Ramp。D on business performance –and by controlling for the effect of other investments (physical assets ) on business performance. This statistical approach to empirically address issues concerning intangibles and their private and social impact was frequently used by economists and researchers in related areas. The empirical worked started with extensive historical case studies and proceeded to large sample (crosssectional) analyses of Ramp。D to the performance measure (profits ,sales) statistically to Ramp。11 本科畢業(yè) 論文 （ 設(shè)計(jì) ） 外 文 翻 譯 外文題 目 Intangibles: Management, Measurement, and Reporting 外文出處 The Brookings Institution 外文 作者 Baruch Lev 原文 ： Intangibles: Management, Measurement, and Reporting Ramp。D and the Growth of Business Enterprises The contribution of Ramp。D expenditures –in the current and previous periods to allow for the delayed effect of Ramp。D on firms’ productivity and growth .The research effort yielded several important findings: Ramp。D investment are quite high — as much as—2035 percent annually – with the estimates varying widely across industries and over time. The contribution of basic research (work aimed at developing new science and technology) to corporate productivity and growth is substantially larger than the contribution of other types of Ramp。D(where the latter is aimed at enhancing the efficiency of production proces
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