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?”* Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed.* ,通過這種手段這些感受被引發(fā)和傳遞。(轉(zhuǎn)譯為條件)目的狀語(yǔ)從句* ①目的狀語(yǔ)從句可由下列引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo):so that, so, in order that, in case, lest等。* Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century.* 盡管在19世紀(jì)專業(yè)化和專門化已經(jīng)在英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)界充分展開,但其影響直到20世紀(jì)才全面表現(xiàn)出來。)*Even if he knows it, he’ll not let out the secret.*(不確定他是否知道這個(gè)秘密。* ②注意even if與even though的區(qū)別:even if意為“即使”,表述的內(nèi)容不一定為即成事實(shí);even though則表示“盡管”,即盡管有什么樣的事實(shí)存在。因?yàn)?,一旦那些程序路徑被植入大腦,將會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)留在其中。* But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits。例如:從句翻譯* If I were you, I would leave now.(該句包含了if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,且因?yàn)槭欠钦鎸?shí)條件句因此用were表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。*②兩種條件句:* ,表示現(xiàn)實(shí)的或可能會(huì)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)的條件,用直陳語(yǔ)氣。* Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good.* 譯文 雖然有不少令人擔(dān)憂的新聞報(bào)道,但消費(fèi)者們說他們并沒有感到絕望,因?yàn)樗麄兊膫€(gè)人財(cái)富仍然保持良好。* Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a mon life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.* 由于我們對(duì)年輕人所做的首要工作在于使他們能夠在生活中彼此相融,因此我們不禁要考慮自己是否在形成讓他們獲得這種能力的力量。* People sometimes expect gratitude when they aren’t entitled to it.* 人們有時(shí)希望別人感激他們,盡管他們沒有權(quán)利要求別人這么做 原因狀語(yǔ)從句* 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞或復(fù)合連詞有because, since, as, for the reason that, in that等,其中because表示原因的語(yǔ)氣最重,as和since所表示的原因則常常是人們知道的。試比較以下三個(gè)句子中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:* As the time went on, the weather got worse.* When he was eating his breakfast, he heard the door bell ring.* Strike while the iron is hot.* Hardly had we arrived when it began to rain.* There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.* 就在一批又一批科學(xué)家極力要使我們意識(shí)到全球氣候變暖這一越來越大的威脅時(shí),今天出現(xiàn)了令人不安的類似情況。從句翻譯*②注意as, when, while的用法區(qū)別。* These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that e naturally with age.*這些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者都是些活生生的例子,證明疾病預(yù)防措施是有效的,我們可以應(yīng)付由年紀(jì)增長(zhǎng)而自然帶來的健康問題。* But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.* 但是現(xiàn)實(shí)地考慮一下,我們不得不正視這樣一個(gè)事實(shí):我們的前景并不妙。* An obedient son, I had accepted my father’s decision that I was to be a doctor, though the prospect interested me not at all.* 作為一個(gè)孝順的兒子,我接受了父親的決定去當(dāng)醫(yī)生,雖然我對(duì)這樣的前途毫無興趣。* 這里的名詞charge是“指控”的意思,轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞即為“某些人批評(píng)他雖然善于觀察,卻不具備推理能力??”。,將引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞的性質(zhì)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)變。正是由于同位語(yǔ)從句的使用,使得這句話的主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng),這句話的主干應(yīng)當(dāng)是the idea rests on an ,放在先行詞之前對(duì)其解釋會(huì)使整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)失去平衡,我們把它譯成后置的并列分句。,我們可以考慮把它放在先行詞之前* But the idea/ that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen/ rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.【意群直譯】但是這種觀點(diǎn)/記者必須比普通公民更深刻地理解法律/立足于對(duì)新聞媒體既定習(xí)俗和特殊責(zé)任的了解從句翻譯* 【全句整合】但是“新聞?dòng)浾弑仨毐绕胀ü窀羁痰乩斫夥伞边@種觀點(diǎn)立足于對(duì)新聞媒體既定習(xí)俗和特殊責(zé)任的了解。that是其最常見的引導(dǎo)詞,不能省略。* The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.* 大使只宴請(qǐng)了幾個(gè)人,因?yàn)樗叵牒瓦@些人談?wù)?,聽聽他們的意見。(表轉(zhuǎn)折)* As you know, we operate in a highly petitive market in which we have been forced to cut our prices to the minimum.* 如你所知,我們正處在一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的市場(chǎng)中,不得不將價(jià)格降到了最低限度。(表讓步)* She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was。* 人們極其迫切地要求工作,不管什么工作,只要它能維持一家人的生活就行。* 司機(jī)在開車時(shí),不許和人談話,也不能走神。* He blamed me for everything, which I thought very unfair.* The man had suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these flowers, which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.* World War II was, however, more plex than World War I, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and * 有些定語(yǔ)從句在邏輯上相當(dāng)于讓步、條件、原因、結(jié)果等狀語(yǔ)功能,這時(shí)可將此類從句譯為相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)分句。* 春天,公園里成千上萬朵嬌艷的紅玫瑰幾乎同時(shí)盛開,讓人流連忘返。溶合法:* 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)部分所給信息與被修飾詞關(guān)系緊密、必不可少時(shí),可將原來的語(yǔ)序打亂,用自己的話將原句中的主句與定語(yǔ)從句重新組織,譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子。* 我們的記錄表明,很多年輕人,其中95%是男孩,成了電腦迷。* 斯特拉特福德是莎士比亞的故鄉(xiāng),是我向往的地方。* 他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)理想而努力,這個(gè)理想是買個(gè)中國(guó)人所珍愛的,而且過去許多中國(guó)人為了這個(gè)理想而犧牲了自己的生命。* Christmas music is loved by all who hear and sing it everywhere.* I know a lot of students who want to be teachers in the future.* They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.* 圣誕樂曲為大家所喜愛,人們每年都在欣賞和演唱。后置法:* 如果定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜。* 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一家菜肴非常好的餐館。前置法:* 如果定語(yǔ)從句較短,限制能力較強(qiáng),一般我們將此類定語(yǔ)從句譯成帶“的”的定語(yǔ)詞組,放在被修飾的先行詞的前面。* who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句who deal in very big words 用來修飾sentimentalists(情感主義者)從句翻譯* whom引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句on whom they may center affections用來修飾husbands and children * which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small changes用來修飾affections * 一般情感主義者喜歡用大字眼,稱之為對(duì)于理想愛情的渴望。把這兩部分單拿出來可以成一句完整的話,即I laughed, 英語(yǔ)從句的翻譯 定語(yǔ)從句 狀語(yǔ)從句名詞從句(主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句)定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯* 無論是限制性定語(yǔ)從句還是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)是處理為前置定語(yǔ)還是后置定語(yǔ),要視具體情況而定;有些定語(yǔ)從句和主句存在著狀語(yǔ)關(guān)系,翻譯時(shí)更要靈活對(duì)待。如:上句賓語(yǔ)me和賓補(bǔ)laugh之間,laugh的動(dòng)作是me來做的。賓語(yǔ):me。He made me :he。補(bǔ)語(yǔ):補(bǔ)充說明主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的成份,補(bǔ)充說明主語(yǔ)的叫主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),補(bǔ)充賓語(yǔ)叫賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)?!霸跓粝隆笔菭钫Z(yǔ)。狀語(yǔ):修飾動(dòng)詞、副詞、形容詞甚至整句,說明謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、伴隨狀況、目的等等。不定代詞的定語(yǔ)一律后置。定語(yǔ):修飾限定名字、代詞的詞,說明所修飾詞的性質(zhì)、特征等,如 a tall boy 中,tall修飾boy,tall是boy的定語(yǔ)。作表語(yǔ)的也是名詞性的詞,也可以是從句。是和系動(dòng)詞緊密相連的。4。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是“看”,看什么?看“書”,“書”是動(dòng)詞“看”所涉及的對(duì)象,是“看”的賓語(yǔ)。指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所涉及的對(duì)象,由名、代、數(shù),賓語(yǔ)從句等相當(dāng)于名詞的詞句充當(dāng),但人稱代詞要用賓格。句子的各種時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化都在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞上變3。如第一例中謂語(yǔ)部分可劃分成謂語(yǔ)(看)和賓語(yǔ)(書)。一個(gè)句子,一般都可分成主、謂兩大部分(祈使句是省主句)。如上句中主語(yǔ)“我”干什么?“看書”。謂語(yǔ):說明主語(yǔ)是什么,干什么,怎么樣。主語(yǔ)由名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞充當(dāng)。誰看書?“我”。它回答的是“誰”“什么”的問題。1。如:The student asked the teacher,how many one cubic foot of air weighs under normal conditions?參考譯文:這個(gè)學(xué)生問老師:一立方英尺空氣有多重?從句翻譯The law of conservation and transformation of energy states that energy is indestructible and the total amount of energy in the universe is :以that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句為普遍真理及一般規(guī)律時(shí),或是某一規(guī)律及定義所闡述的內(nèi)容時(shí),有時(shí)也可以在句首加冒號(hào)譯出。參考譯文:除了相對(duì)風(fēng)是水平的情況之外,升力不是垂直的。參考譯文:人與獸的區(qū)別,就在于人有思維而且會(huì)說話。翻譯時(shí),順序一般不變。如:Manure supplies what is deficient in the :肥料供給土壤所缺乏的成分。賓語(yǔ)從句翻譯方法賓語(yǔ)從句可以分為兩種:一種是動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句;另一種是介詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如:This is what we have discussed in this :如表語(yǔ)不長(zhǎng),則可譯成這就是?的內(nèi)容等。在this is what?句型中,如果先譯主句,后譯從句,通常譯為這就是?的內(nèi)容,這就是?的含意等。如:This is because the direct current flows in a