【正文】 ？”* Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed.* ，通過這種手段這些感受被引發(fā)和傳遞。（轉(zhuǎn)譯為條件）目的狀語從句* ①目的狀語從句可由下列引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)：so that, so, in order that, in case, lest等。* Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century.* 盡管在19世紀(jì)專業(yè)化和專門化已經(jīng)在英國地質(zhì)學(xué)界充分展開，但其影響直到20世紀(jì)才全面表現(xiàn)出來。）*Even if he knows it, he’ll not let out the secret.*（不確定他是否知道這個(gè)秘密。* ②注意even if與even though的區(qū)別：even if意為“即使”，表述的內(nèi)容不一定為即成事實(shí)；even though則表示“盡管”，即盡管有什么樣的事實(shí)存在。因?yàn)椋坏┠切┏绦蚵窂奖恢踩氪竽X，將會永遠(yuǎn)留在其中。* But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits。例如：從句翻譯* If I were you, I would leave now.（該句包含了if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，且因?yàn)槭欠钦鎸?shí)條件句因此用were表示虛擬語氣。*②兩種條件句：* ，表示現(xiàn)實(shí)的或可能會變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)的條件，用直陳語氣。* Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good.* 譯文 雖然有不少令人擔(dān)憂的新聞報(bào)道，但消費(fèi)者們說他們并沒有感到絕望，因?yàn)樗麄兊膫€(gè)人財(cái)富仍然保持良好。* Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a mon life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.* 由于我們對年輕人所做的首要工作在于使他們能夠在生活中彼此相融，因此我們不禁要考慮自己是否在形成讓他們獲得這種能力的力量。* People sometimes expect gratitude when they aren’t entitled to it.* 人們有時(shí)希望別人感激他們，盡管他們沒有權(quán)利要求別人這么做 原因狀語從句* 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的連詞或復(fù)合連詞有because, since, as, for the reason that, in that等，其中because表示原因的語氣最重，as和since所表示的原因則常常是人們知道的。試比較以下三個(gè)句子中的時(shí)間狀語從句：* As the time went on, the weather got worse.* When he was eating his breakfast, he heard the door bell ring.* Strike while the iron is hot.* Hardly had we arrived when it began to rain.* There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.* 就在一批又一批科學(xué)家極力要使我們意識到全球氣候變暖這一越來越大的威脅時(shí)，今天出現(xiàn)了令人不安的類似情況。從句翻譯*②注意as, when, while的用法區(qū)別。* These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that e naturally with age.*這些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者都是些活生生的例子，證明疾病預(yù)防措施是有效的，我們可以應(yīng)付由年紀(jì)增長而自然帶來的健康問題。* But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.* 但是現(xiàn)實(shí)地考慮一下，我們不得不正視這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：我們的前景并不妙。* An obedient son, I had accepted my father’s decision that I was to be a doctor, though the prospect interested me not at all.* 作為一個(gè)孝順的兒子，我接受了父親的決定去當(dāng)醫(yī)生，雖然我對這樣的前途毫無興趣。* 這里的名詞charge是“指控”的意思，轉(zhuǎn)換為動詞即為“某些人批評他雖然善于觀察，卻不具備推理能力??”。，將引導(dǎo)同位語從句的先行詞的性質(zhì)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)變。正是由于同位語從句的使用，使得這句話的主語較長，這句話的主干應(yīng)當(dāng)是the idea rests on an ，放在先行詞之前對其解釋會使整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)失去平衡，我們把它譯成后置的并列分句。，我們可以考慮把它放在先行詞之前* But the idea/ that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen/ rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.【意群直譯】但是這種觀點(diǎn)/記者必須比普通公民更深刻地理解法律/立足于對新聞媒體既定習(xí)俗和特殊責(zé)任的了解從句翻譯* 【全句整合】但是“新聞記者必須比普通公民更深刻地理解法律”這種觀點(diǎn)立足于對新聞媒體既定習(xí)俗和特殊責(zé)任的了解。that是其最常見的引導(dǎo)詞，不能省略。* The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.* 大使只宴請了幾個(gè)人，因?yàn)樗叵牒瓦@些人談?wù)劊犅犓麄兊囊庖?。（表轉(zhuǎn)折）* As you know, we operate in a highly petitive market in which we have been forced to cut our prices to the minimum.* 如你所知，我們正處在一個(gè)競爭激烈的市場中，不得不將價(jià)格降到了最低限度。（表讓步）* She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was。* 人們極其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能維持一家人的生活就行。* 司機(jī)在開車時(shí)，不許和人談話，也不能走神。* He blamed me for everything, which I thought very unfair.* The man had suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these flowers, which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.* World War II was, however, more plex than World War I, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and * 有些定語從句在邏輯上相當(dāng)于讓步、條件、原因、結(jié)果等狀語功能，這時(shí)可將此類從句譯為相應(yīng)的狀語分句。* 春天，公園里成千上萬朵嬌艷的紅玫瑰幾乎同時(shí)盛開，讓人流連忘返。溶合法：* 當(dāng)定語部分所給信息與被修飾詞關(guān)系緊密、必不可少時(shí)，可將原來的語序打亂，用自己的話將原句中的主句與定語從句重新組織，譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子。* 我們的記錄表明，很多年輕人，其中95%是男孩，成了電腦迷。* 斯特拉特福德是莎士比亞的故鄉(xiāng)，是我向往的地方。* 他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)理想而努力，這個(gè)理想是買個(gè)中國人所珍愛的，而且過去許多中國人為了這個(gè)理想而犧牲了自己的生命。* Christmas music is loved by all who hear and sing it everywhere.* I know a lot of students who want to be teachers in the future.* They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.* 圣誕樂曲為大家所喜愛，人們每年都在欣賞和演唱。后置法：* 如果定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜。* 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一家菜肴非常好的餐館。前置法：* 如果定語從句較短，限制能力較強(qiáng)，一般我們將此類定語從句譯成帶“的”的定語詞組，放在被修飾的先行詞的前面。* who引導(dǎo)的定語從句who deal in very big words 用來修飾sentimentalists(情感主義者)從句翻譯* whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句on whom they may center affections用來修飾husbands and children * which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small changes用來修飾affections * 一般情感主義者喜歡用大字眼，稱之為對于理想愛情的渴望。把這兩部分單拿出來可以成一句完整的話，即I laughed, 英語從句的翻譯 定語從句 狀語從句名詞從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句）定語從句的翻譯* 無論是限制性定語從句還是非限制性定語從句，翻譯成漢語時(shí)是處理為前置定語還是后置定語，要視具體情況而定；有些定語從句和主句存在著狀語關(guān)系，翻譯時(shí)更要靈活對待。如：上句賓語me和賓補(bǔ)laugh之間，laugh的動作是me來做的。賓語：me。He made me ：he。補(bǔ)語：補(bǔ)充說明主語或賓語的成份,補(bǔ)充說明主語的叫主語補(bǔ)足語，補(bǔ)充賓語叫賓語補(bǔ)足語?！霸跓粝隆笔菭钫Z。狀語：修飾動詞、副詞、形容詞甚至整句，說明謂語動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、伴隨狀況、目的等等。不定代詞的定語一律后置。定語：修飾限定名字、代詞的詞，說明所修飾詞的性質(zhì)、特征等，如 a tall boy 中，tall修飾boy,tall是boy的定語。作表語的也是名詞性的詞，也可以是從句。是和系動詞緊密相連的。4。謂語動詞是“看”，看什么？看“書”，“書”是動詞“看”所涉及的對象，是“看”的賓語。指謂語動詞所涉及的對象，由名、代、數(shù)，賓語從句等相當(dāng)于名詞的詞句充當(dāng)，但人稱代詞要用賓格。句子的各種時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化都在謂語動詞上變3。如第一例中謂語部分可劃分成謂語（看）和賓語（書）。一個(gè)句子，一般都可分成主、謂兩大部分（祈使句是省主句）。如上句中主語“我”干什么？“看書”。謂語：說明主語是什么，干什么，怎么樣。主語由名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞充當(dāng)。誰看書？“我”。它回答的是“誰”“什么”的問題。1。如：The student asked the teacher，how many one cubic foot of air weighs under normal conditions？參考譯文：這個(gè)學(xué)生問老師：一立方英尺空氣有多重？從句翻譯The law of conservation and transformation of energy states that energy is indestructible and the total amount of energy in the universe is ：以that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句為普遍真理及一般規(guī)律時(shí)，或是某一規(guī)律及定義所闡述的內(nèi)容時(shí)，有時(shí)也可以在句首加冒號譯出。參考譯文：除了相對風(fēng)是水平的情況之外，升力不是垂直的。參考譯文：人與獸的區(qū)別，就在于人有思維而且會說話。翻譯時(shí)，順序一般不變。如：Manure supplies what is deficient in the ：肥料供給土壤所缺乏的成分。賓語從句翻譯方法賓語從句可以分為兩種：一種是動詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句；另一種是介詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如：This is what we have discussed in this ：如表語不長，則可譯成這就是?的內(nèi)容等。在this is what?句型中，如果先譯主句，后譯從句，通常譯為這就是?的內(nèi)容，這就是?的含意等。如：This is because the direct current flows in a