世界貿(mào)易組織(wto)-文庫吧資料
2025-03-13 12:56本頁面
【正文】 界貿(mào)易組織機(jī)制，環(huán)境，發(fā)展和顯著的執(zhí)行問題 ? Agricultural trade was effectively outside of the GATT until the last round, called the Uruguay round (19861994).農(nóng)業(yè)貿(mào)易在關(guān)稅及貿(mào)易總協(xié)定外指導(dǎo)最后的一輪談判，即烏拉圭回合 The Doha Development Agenda (Cont’d) ? In the current WTO negotiations, agricultural trade has proved to be the most problematic ，農(nóng)業(yè)貿(mào)易是問題最多的領(lǐng)域 ? The negotiations on agricultural trade liberalization focus on three main pillars: 農(nóng)業(yè)貿(mào)易自由化的協(xié)商集中在 3個(gè)主要方面 ? Market access tariffs, tariff rate quotas and special safeguard 市場準(zhǔn)入 —關(guān)稅，關(guān)稅率配額和特別保護(hù) ? Export petition export subsidies, export credits, food aid, and state trading enterprise 出口競爭 —出口補(bǔ)助，出口信用，食品救援和國營貿(mào)易企業(yè) ? Domestic support Amber, blue, green programs ? Special and differential treatment for developing countries特別和差異對(duì)待發(fā)展中國家 Timeline: 時(shí)間表 ? A Framework Agreement reached on July 31, 2023 2023年 7月 31日框架協(xié)議達(dá)成 ? Next phase is for establishing Modalities (numerical targets and rules)下個(gè)階段要建立特征（多個(gè)目標(biāo)和法規(guī)） ? Next Ministerial Conference scheduled for Dec 2023. Modalities could be established by then. 下一個(gè)部門會(huì)議定于 2023年 12月，特征應(yīng)該在那時(shí)建立 ? Country concessions and scheduling phase follows 國家讓步和行程安排階段隨后 ? Completion of round 2023 or 2023 or 2023 (?) 完成回合 2023 or 2023 or 2023 (?) WTO Dispute Settlement Process世界貿(mào)易組織爭端協(xié)調(diào)過程 OBJECTIVE: to settle disputes between Members to ensure that the WTO trading rules are respected and enforced目標(biāo)：在成員間協(xié)調(diào)爭端以保證世界貿(mào)易組織的貿(mào)易法規(guī)被尊重和執(zhí)行 WHO CAN INITIATE A DISPUTE: only WTO Member governments誰可以開始一個(gè)爭端：只有是世界貿(mào)易組織的成員國政府 WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS FOR DISPUTE: a violation of a WTO Members rights and obligations covered by the agreement爭端的范圍是什么 :違背世界貿(mào)易組織成員協(xié)定中包括利益和義務(wù) STRENGTH:優(yōu)點(diǎn) ? Rulings are binding裁決有限定性 ? Unbiased ruling 裁決沒有偏見 ? Set timelines for process進(jìn) ? 程有時(shí)間表 ? Structured process有結(jié)構(gòu)的進(jìn)行 ? One set of dispute settlement rules一套爭端解決法則 WEAKNESS:缺點(diǎn) ? Lengthy process進(jìn)程長 ? Highly legal in nature過高的法律性 ? Costly legal expenses法律費(fèi)用高 ? No interim relief or pensation for harm suffered during dispute process對(duì)于爭端進(jìn)行期間的損失無補(bǔ)償減輕或補(bǔ)償 Stages in a Typical WTO Dispute典型的世界貿(mào)易組織爭端發(fā)展進(jìn)程 Consultation咨詢 Panel Established座談小組確立 Panel Review座談小組回顧 Panel Report小組報(bào)告 Appellate Body Established申訴組織成立 Appellate Body Review申訴組織回顧 Panel/Appellate Body Report Adopted修改小組 /受理上訴組織報(bào)告 Implementation執(zhí)行 Appeal申訴 Stages in a Typical WTO Dispute (cont’d)典型的世界貿(mào)易組織爭端發(fā)展進(jìn)程 ? In Cases of NonImplementation 假設(shè)沒有執(zhí)行 – Complaining member can apply for retaliation上訴成員可以實(shí)施報(bào)復(fù) – Complaining member can request an Implementation panel – follows same process of initial ruling and appeal上訴成員可以要求執(zhí)行小組 —遵循同樣的最初的裁決和上訴過程 WTO Disputes (Jan. 1995 to June 2023世界貿(mào)易組織爭論 1995年 1月至 2023年 6月） 295 request for consultation 295 要求咨詢 110 Panels established 110 座談小組建立 71 Panel and 47 Appellate Body reports were adopted 71座談小組和 47受理上訴的團(tuán)體報(bào)告被采用 7 authorizations granted to take retaliatory actions 7個(gè)授權(quán)被授予采取報(bào)復(fù)性行動(dòng) WTO Disputes Involving Canada與加拿大相關(guān)的世界貿(mào)易組織爭端 ? Canada has been involved in three significant agricultural disputes加拿大有三期顯著的農(nóng)業(yè)爭端 – EU Beef hormones 歐盟荷爾蒙牛肉 – Canada dairy 加拿大牛奶品 – Canadian Wheat Board加拿大小麥協(xié)會(huì) EU Beef Hormone Dispute歐盟荷爾蒙牛肉爭端 ? In 1989, the European Union (EU) banned the use of growthpromoting hormones in livestock and imposed a ban on the importation o
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