06競爭性市場-文庫吧資料
2025-01-18 03:18本頁面
【正文】 Total Surplus = Value to buyers _ Cost to sellers Total Surplus = Consumer Surplus Producer Surplus + Market Efficiency Market efficiency is achieved when the allocation of resources maximizes total surplus. Market Efficiency In addition to market efficiency, a social planner might also care about equity – the fairness of the distribution of wellbeing among the various buyers and sellers. Evaluating the Market Equilibrium... Price Equilibrium price 0 Quantity Equilibrium quantity A Supply C B Demand D E Consumer and Producer Surplus in the Market Equilibrium... Price Equilibrium price 0 Quantity Equilibrium quantity A Supply C B Demand D E Producer surplus Consumer surplus Three Insights Concerning Market Outes ?Free markets allocate the supply of goods to the buyers who value them most highly. ?Free markets allocate the demand for goods to the sellers who can produce them at least cost. ?Free markets produce the quantity of goods that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus. Price 0 Quantity Equilibrium quantity Supply Demand Cost to sellers Value to buyers Value to buyers Cost to sellers Value to buyers is greater than cost to sellers. Value to buyers is less than cost to sellers. The Efficiency of the Equilibrium Quantity 演講完畢，謝謝觀看！ 。 ?資源得到最優(yōu)配置。 ? (3)平均成本最低決定了產(chǎn)品價格最低，對消費者有利。 成本遞減行業(yè)長期均衡及供給曲線 P P1 P2 O Qi Qi1 Qi2 LAC1 SMC1 LAC2 SMC2 P S1 S2 O Q D1 D2 LS P1 P2 Q1 Q2 （ a）行業(yè) （ b）廠商 第八節(jié) 完全競爭市場的短期均衡與長期均衡 一、完全競爭市場的短期均衡與長期均衡：資源配置有效 Pe P P P P P Q Q Q Q Q 他們： 消費者 — 效用最大 他們： 廠商 — 利潤最大 市場：雙方(社會）利益最大 SMC1 SMC2 D S d2 d1 完全競爭市場優(yōu)點 ? (1) 供給與需求相等，不會有生產(chǎn)不足或過剩，需求得到滿足。外部經(jīng)濟能降低廠商的長期平均成本。 ? 行業(yè)實現(xiàn)長期均衡，不但產(chǎn)量增加，而且其價格也降低。 成本遞增行業(yè)長期均衡及供給曲線 P O Q D1 D2 S1 S2 LS Q1 Q2 P2 P1 P P2 P1 O Qi Qi1 Qi2 LAC2 LAC1 SMC2 SMC1 （ a）行業(yè) （ b）廠商 三 .成本遞減行業(yè)的長期均衡 ?成本遞減行業(yè)：行業(yè)的產(chǎn)量增加引起要素需求增加，會導(dǎo)致要素價格下降。 ? 產(chǎn)量增加，價格上漲。 ? 成本遞增：完全競爭行業(yè)達到長期均衡的供給曲線是一條向右上方傾斜的曲線。 成本不變行業(yè)長期均衡及供給曲線 D S P Q Q1 Q2 D2 S2 P2 Q P LS O P P2 Qi1 Qi2 P Qi SMC SAC LAC O （ a）行業(yè) （ b）廠商 二 .成本遞增行業(yè)的長期均衡 ?成本遞增行業(yè)：行業(yè)產(chǎn)量增加引起要素需求增加，會導(dǎo)致要素價格上升。 ?在不變價格提供產(chǎn)量，該價格等于廠商的長期平均成本的最低點。 ?長期調(diào)整的結(jié)果： ?價格為 P2，超額利潤消失 ?P=P1供大于求，市場價格低，存在虧損，部分廠商退出，價格上升； P3 ?完全競爭市場長期均衡的條件： P Q LAC LMC dd（ AR=MR=P）
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