【正文】 and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.Realism: Some artists favor the portrayal of things as they really appear and subject matter such as wildlife, the human figure, or a seascape can be a moving experience.Transcendentalism is defined as a movement in nineteenthcentury American literature and thought. It called on people to view the objects in the world as small versions of the whole universe and to trust their individual intuitions. There are many different interpretations for the meaning of transcendentalism. Transcendentalism is all about being you, and speaking your mind. Transcendentalism is about the child, and molding their minds. Transcendentalism is anticonformity and proindividualism. Transcendentalism is a literary, philosophical, and cultural movement that began in New England in the mid 19th century. The theories of transcendentalism were espoused and encouraged by writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. The ministers Frederick Henry Hedge and Theodore Parker were important transcendentalists, as was Sophia Peabody, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s wife.Many critics take the novel39。⑤religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful ，忽視上帝仁慈的一面。 to charm, he had added strength.關(guān)于美國清教徒的描繪(Could you give a description of American Puritans?) Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the Church should be restored to the “purity” of the firstcentury Church as established by Jesus Christ Himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meant to prove that were God’s chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in heaven.清教徒的想法：①Puritans want to make up pure their religious beliefs and ②wish to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to ，提供簡單服務(wù)，建立神圣地位③look upon themselves as a chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God’s will and is not to be ，對他們的生活有異議就是反對上帝。 and he now choose as the subject for a long time narrative poem the story of Endymion, the Latmian shepherd beloved by the moongoodness.Endymion was published in 1818. The exordium of poem, the Hymn to Pan in the opening episode, and a myriad other lines and short passages are worthy of the Keats that was to be。 they persecute the heroes and obstruct their every move and actionPositivepositive characters are always people with natural, unpreserved feelings, and though “for the sake of appearance”, and to make them acceptable to the 18? century reader, Joseph Andrews, the manservant, and Tome Jones, the foundling, are eventually give parents of noble descent, still they have nothing aristocratic about them, and in their feelings and behavior, remain closely related to the mon peopleFielding’s satireHe hates that hypocrisy which tries to conceal itself under a mask of morality. In the evolution of the plots of his novels, he invariably puts such characters in position which tear away their mask. He displays almost savage pleasure in making them ridiculous.Joseph AndrewsCommentsFielding’s best work: Amelia is the story of a good life in contrast with an unworthy husbandDescriptionJoseph Andrews, was inspired by the success of Richardson’s novel Pamela, and began as a burlesque of the false sentimentality and the conventional virtues of Richardson’s heroine(PamelaRichardsonRichardson, who has no humor, who minces words, and moralizes, and dotes on the sentimental woes of his heroinesFieldingFielding is direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity. He is full of animal spirits, and he tells the story of a vagabond life, not for the sake of moralizing, like Defoe, but simply because it interests him and his only concerns is “to laugh men out of their follies.”So his story, though it abounds in unpleasant incidents, generally leaves the reader with the strong impression of reality.Jonathan SwiftThe eighteenth century in English literature is an age of prose, but because the poetry is very bad but because the prose is very good. Writer’s positionThe supreme master in the first part of the century, the name of Jonathan Swift is one of the very greatest names in English literatureGulliver’s Travels’ positionThe book is a classic and devastating satire on the human race.Gulliver’s Travels’ powerThe secret of the power is that there is no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice。The Sixteenth CenturyBeginning of 16th centuryThomas MoreUtopia. More gave a profound and truthful picture of the people’s suffering and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.End the centuryFrancis BaconScientist and philosopherFirst half of 16th centuryThomas Wyatt, Henry HowardThey initiated new poetical forms, borrowing freely from English popular songs and Italian and French poetry. Wyatt was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.Second half of the 16th centuryPhilip Sidney, Thomas Campion and Edmund SpenserLyrical poem bee widespread in England. Edmund was the author of the greatest epic poem of the time The Fairy Queen.Court life and gallantry novelJohn Lyly, Thomas LogeGreat popularity was won by John Lyly’s novel Ephesus which gave rise to the term “euphuism”, designating an affected style of court speech.Realistic novelThomas Delaney, Thomas NasheDevoted to every day life of craftsman, merchants and other represent