【正文】 tle volume of verse, most of it crude and immature enough, but contain the magnificent sonnet, On First Looking into Chapman‘s Homer, which reveals one source of his inspiration. From the first his imagination has turned out to the old Greek work with instinctive sympathy。 however, Robert Fox cautions against reading too much into the title since mercial factors may have played a role in its selection. After the success of Sense and Sensibility, nothing would have seemed more natural than to bring out another novel of the same author using again the formula of antithesis and alliteration for the title. It should be pointed out that the qualities of the title are not exclusively assigned to one or the other of the protagonists。 his friend Edith Wharton, who admired him greatly, said that there were passages in his work that were all but inprehensible.[23] . Wells harshly portrayed James as a hippopotamus laboriously attempting to pick up a pea that has got into a corner of its cage.[24] Some critics have claimed that the more elaborate manner was a result of James taking up the practice of dictating to a secretary. He was afflicted with a stutter and pensated by speaking slowly and deliberately. The late style does bee more difficult in the years when he dictates, but James also was able to revise typewritten drafts more extensively, and his few surviving drafts show that the later works are more heavily revised and redrafted. In some cases this leads critics to prefer the earlier, unrevised versions of some works because the older style is thought to be closer to the original conception and spirit of the work, Daisy Miller being a case in point: most of the current reprints of this novel contain the unrevised text. On the other hand, the late revision of the early novel The Portrait of a Lady is generally much preferred to the first edition, even by those who dislike the late style, because of the power of the imagery and the depth of characterization, while his shorter late fiction, such as The Turn of the Screw, is considered highly accessible and remains popular with readers.More important for his work overall may have been his position as an expatriate, and in other ways an outsider, living in Europe. While he came from middleclass and provincial belongings (seen from the perspective of European polite society) he worked very hard to gain access to all levels of society, and the settings of his fiction range from working class to aristocratic, and often describe the efforts of middleclass Americans to make their way in European capitals. He confessed he got some of his best story ideas from gossip at the dinner table or at country house weekends.[25] He worked for a living, however, and lacked the experiences of select schools, university, and army service, the mon bonds of masculine society. He was furthermore a man whose tastes and interests were, according to the prevailing standards of Victorian era AngloAmerican culture, rather feminine, and who was shadowed by the cloud of prejudice that then and later acpanied suspicions of his homosexuality.[26] Edmund Wilson famously pared James39。s:One would be in a position to appreciate James better if one pared him with the dramatists of the seventeenth century—Racine and Moli232。s work is the importance of environment and upbringing on the development of young people39。 Richard SteelDevoted not only to social problem, but also to private life and adventures, gave an impetus to the development of the 18? century novelAlexander PopeThe highest authority in matters of literary artElaborated certain regulations for the style of poetical works and made popular the socalled heroics coupletsfive foot iambic rhymed in couplet Founders of novelThe development of industry and trade brought to the foremen of a new stamp, who had to be typified in the new literature.AuthorWorkDescriptionCommentDaniel DefoeRobinson CrusoeThe image of an enterprising Englishman of the 18? century was created.One of the forerunners of the English 18? century realistic novel.Henry FieldingUnfolds a spread of panorama of life in all sections of English society Real founder of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and EuropeExposes the depraved aristocracy, the avaricious bourgeoisieContrasts the life of ruling classes to the lack of rights and misery of the people Innermost life WritersAlong with the depiction of morals and manners and social mode of life the writers of the Enlightenment began to display interest of the inmost life of an individual.AuthorWorkDescriptionCommentJonathan SwiftGulliver’s TravelsTypified the bourgeoisie world, drew ruthless pictures of the depraved aristocracy and satirically portrayed the whole of the English State systemThe most outstanding personality of the epoch of enlightenment in EnglandRichard School for ScandalFalse virtue and actual vices of aristocracy society are deridedA sharp criticism of contemporary system2. SentimentalismThe middle of the 18? century in England sees the inceptions of a new literary currentthat of sentimentalism.The sentimentalism came into being as a result of bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social society.The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. The philosophy of the enlighteners, though rational and materialistic in its essence, did not exclude sense, or sentiments, as a means of perception and learning. Moreover, the cult of nature and, a cult of a “natural man” whose feelings display themselves in a most human and natural manner, contrary to the artful and hypocritical aristocraticthis cult was upheld by the majority of the enlighteners and helped them to fight against privileges of birth and descent whic