【正文】 English society Real founder of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and EuropeExposes the depraved aristocracy, the avaricious bourgeoisieContrasts the life of ruling classes to the lack of rights and misery of the people Innermost life WritersAlong with the depiction of morals and manners and social mode of life the writers of the Enlightenment began to display interest of the inmost life of an individual.AuthorWorkDescriptionCommentJonathan SwiftGulliver’s TravelsTypified the bourgeoisie world, drew ruthless pictures of the depraved aristocracy and satirically portrayed the whole of the English State systemThe most outstanding personality of the epoch of enlightenment in EnglandRichard School for ScandalFalse virtue and actual vices of aristocracy society are deridedA sharp criticism of contemporary system2. SentimentalismThe middle of the 18? century in England sees the inceptions of a new literary currentthat of sentimentalism.The sentimentalism came into being as a result of bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social society.The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. The philosophy of the enlighteners, though rational and materialistic in its essence, did not exclude sense, or sentiments, as a means of perception and learning. Moreover, the cult of nature and, a cult of a “natural man” whose feelings display themselves in a most human and natural manner, contrary to the artful and hypocritical aristocraticthis cult was upheld by the majority of the enlighteners and helped them to fight against privileges of birth and descent which placed the aristocracy high above mon people.But later enlighteners of England having e to the conclusion that, contrary to all reasoning, social injustices, still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore, appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.3. PreromanticismAnother conspicuous trend in the English literature of the latter half of the 18? century was the socalled preromanticism. It originated among the conservatives group of men of letters as a reactions against enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the Gothie novel”, the terms arising from the fact that the greater part of such romance were devoted to the medieval times.EndThe task of upholding revolutionary struggle of the people for their rights in the 18? century was initiated by Robert Burns and later taken up in the 19? century by the writers of revolutionary romanticism.Henry FieldingFielding’s positionHenry Fielding is the greatest novelist if the eighteenth century, and one of the greatest that England ever produced.Fielding’s characterPassive Aristocrats and men set in authority embody all the evils。 but as a whole Endymion is chaotic, and cloyed with ornament. Nobody knew better than Keats himself.Great odes including On Melancholy, On a Grecian Urn, To Psyche, and To a Nightingale had done wonders in deepening and strengthening his gift. In turning from Spenser and Ariosto the great masculine poets of the seventeenth century, Shakespeare, Webster, Milton, and Dryden, he had found the iron which was lacking in his earlier intellectual food, and had learned the lessons of artistic calmness and severity, without sacrifice of the mellow sweetness native to him。清教徒采用的文學(xué)體裁：A、narratives 日記 B、journals 游記 清教徒在美國(guó)的寫作內(nèi)容：①their voyage to the new land ②adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops ③about dealing with Indians ④guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit What is Romanticism：Often Romanticism An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual39。 both Elizabeth and Darcy display pride and prejudice.[8]A major theme in much of Austen39。s lack of moral judgment。s speech, by which one means, not words actually spoken by a character, but the words that typify the character39。s misprisions.[7]Style and themesPortrait of Henry James, charcoal drawing by John Singer Sargent (1912).James is one of the major figures of transAtlantic literature. His works frequently juxtapose characters from the Old World (Europe), embodying a feudal civilization that is beautiful, often corrupt, and alluring, and from the New World (United States), where people are often brash, open, and assertive and embody the virtues freedom and a more highly evolved moral character of the new American society. James explores this clash of personalities and cultures, in stories of personal relationships in which power is exercised well or badly. His protagonists were often young American women facing oppression or abuse, and as his secretary Theodora Bosanquet remarked in her monograph Henry James at Work:When he walked out of the refuge of his study and into the world and looked around him, he saw a place of torment, where creatures of prey perpetually thrust their claws into the quivering flesh of doomed, defenseless children of light… His novels are a repeated exposure of this wickedness, a reiterated and passionate plea for the fullest freedom of development, unimperiled by reckless and barbarous stupidity.[20]Critics have jokingly described three phases in the development of James39。s objectivity to Shakespeare39。 and in others, like The Ambassadors, an older James seems fondly to regard his own younger self facing a crucial moment.[28][edit] NonfictionPhotograph of Henry James (1897)Beyond his fiction, James was one of the more important literary critics in the history of the novel. In his classic essay The Art of Fiction (1884), he argued against rigid proscriptions on the novelist39