【正文】 consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.VI. Thomas Malory and English ProseVII. The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Plays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as a filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.Chapter 3 English Literature in the RenaissanceI. A Historical BackgroundII. The Overview of the Literature (14851660)Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—tradeeducation for laypeoplecentralization of powerintellectual lifeexplorationnew impetus and direction of literature.Humanismstudy of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary stylemodeled on the ancients.The effect of humanismthe disseminatiogogoible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—plexity and ingenuity.The third tendency by Johgogotyle.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Dramaa. the gogoical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare – Jonson.3. Prosea. translation of Bible。B. Magna Carta (1215)。 B. restoration of the church.(3) The 11th century.A. the crusade and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin。 h. economy: coins, trade, slavery。 c. heptarchy. d. social classes structure: hidehundred。 b. Christianity。 g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education。 b. prose: two figures.II. Beowulf.1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features. (1) the use of alliteration (2) the use of metaphors and understatements (3) the mixture of pagan and Christian elementsIII. The Old English Prose1. What is prose?2. figures(1) The Venerable Bede(2) Alfred the GreatChapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval AgesI. Introduction1. The Historical Background.(1) The year 1066: Norman Conquest.(2) The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs。(5) The 13th century.A. The legend of Robin Hood。 B. The General Prologue。 b. brilliant and fascinating personality。 b. studies law at Lincoln Inn。b. native or popular drama.(3) the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.(1) Life: first igogoical poetry—then in drama.(2) Major worksa. Tamburlaine。 (3) Queen visit to Castle。(7) Retired, son—Hamnet。 a lady in dark plexion. c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.VI. Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “l(fā)iterary king” (Sons of Ben): (1) the idea of “humour”.(2) an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.3. Major plays(1) Everyone in His Humour—”humour”。 (2) poor family。 b. ill health。 g. Translation of two epics.(3) His contribution: h. the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness。 criticism (The Lives of great Poets)。 (4) the chief editor of The Examiner。 c. interested in politics.(2) Robinson Cusoe.a. the story.b. the significance of the character.c. the features of his novels.d. the style of language.3. Henry Fielding—novelist.(1) Life: a. unsuccessful dramatic career。 c. significance.(4) the theory of realism.(5) the style of language.V. Writers of Sentimentalism.1. Introduction2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist (One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.)(1) Life: a. printer book seller。 d. the Literary Club。b. Cambridge。 f. The Lake District。 c. taking opium.(2) works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the Ancient Marinerl Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria(3) Biographia Literaria.(4) His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language. In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized.IV. Romantic Poets of the Second Generation.1. Introduction2. George Gordon Byron(1) Life: a. Cambridge, published poems and reviews。 e. worked in Greece: national hero。 d. Irish national liberation Movement。 h. radical and sympathetic with the French revolution。 b. Cockney School。b. university of Edindurgh。 b. uneventful life, domestic duties。 c. sister Ma