【正文】 catharsis through incidents arousing pity and terror. The tragic effect usually depends on our awareness of admirable qualities in the protagonist, which are wasted terribly in the fated disaster.Blank Versen unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter. It is a very flexible English verse form which can attain rhetorical grandeur while echoing the natural rhythms of speech. It was first used by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and soon became a popular form for narrative and dramatic poetry. Marlowe, Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth, Tennyson, Stevens and Robert Frost are fond of this Monologuen an extended speech uttered by one speaker, either to others or alone. Significant varieties include the dramatic monologue (a kind of poem in which the speaker is imagined to be addressing a silent audience), and the soliloquy (in which the speaker is supposed to be “overheard” while alone).獨(dú)白 Soliloquyn a dramatic speech delivered by one character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience, either in supposed selfmunion or in a consciously direct address. It is also known as interior Hamlet Text StudyThe Story of Hamlet Hamlet is the prince of Denmark. He is a great scholar and a brave soldier/swordsman.Denmark is at war with another country. So the sentry is on duty at night. The sentry saw the ghost of the Old King.The sentry told the news to Hamlet. The next night, Hamlet went to the sentry post.He saw the ghost. It was his father.The ghost ran away. Hamlet followed him. The ghost told Hamlet that it was Claudius, his uncle, who had murdered him and married his mother Gertrude. The ghost told Hamlet to revenge him.Hamlet is a humanist. He would never follow the ghost’s words without a second thought.Hamlet pretended to be mad. One day, a dramatic troupe came to the court. Hamlet directed a play in which a king is murdered by his younger brother. The younger brother married his sisterinlaw.Everyone has a kind of guilty conscience. While watching the play, Claudius got restless. During the interval, he went out of the room and did his prayers.(repentant)Hamlet followed Claudius. Claudius was doing his prayers. But he did not take action. It is believed that if you kill a person while he is praying, his soul will go to heaven, not to go to hell. It is not revenge in its real sense.So the king let his queen (Hamlet’s mother) have a talk with Hamlet. While they were talking, a minister named Polonius (Hamlet’s wouldbe fatherinlaw) was eavesdropping behind the screen.Hamlet heard the noise behind the screen. He mistook the person for his uncle. So he stabbed at the screen with his sword. Polonius was killed.On the voyage to England, Hamlet met some pirates. The pirates abducted Hamlet and went back to Denmark. He rewrote the letter in imitation of his uncle’s handwriting, in which he told the English king to kill the two messengers upon arrival.While they reached the seashore, Hamlet killed the pirates and went back to the court.Claudius heard the news that Hamlet had e back. He got worried. Just then, Polonius’s son, Laertes came back to Denmark, too. He wanted to have a duel with Hamlet.The tournament began. To make sure that Hamlet would be killed, Claudius put poison in Laertes’s weapon. What’s more, he put a cup of poisonous drink beside Hamlet. Man proposes, God disposes.Laertes hurt Hamlet. They changed weapons. And Hamlet hurt Laertes with the same poisonous weapon. He threw the weapon at Claudius and Claudius was killed.The queen drank the poisonous drink and died. Just then, Hamlet’s friend, the Norway Prince Fortinbras, came to Denmark. Hamlet told the ministers that he would like Fortinbras to bee the Danish king.Hamlet died. Fortinbras became the new king. He had a great funeral for the dead.Famous quotations from itn “Frailty, thy name is woman!”n “For anything so overdone is from the purpose of playing, whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ‘twere, the mirror up to nature。 EverymanInterludes a short performance during thethe intervals to enliven the audience after a solemn scene end of the 15th century a transition to Elizabethan draman Classicalstyle edy and tragedy was in the making in England. n Three unities (unity of time, place and action by Aristotle) draman edy and tragedy were n established as types of draman development of theatersn growth of acting culture witsn John Lyly, Robert Greene, George peele, Christopher Marlow, Thomas Kyd, Thomas Nashe, Thomas Lodgetechnical innovationsn Free Renaissance tragedy from classical restraintsn Develop a edy tradition more close to life John Lyly: write for a refined, aristocratic audiencen Thomas Kyd: start the tradition of revenge tragedy Marlow(15641593) most gifted “university wit”The Tragic History of Doctor Faustusn Cause of the tragedy: blind faith in human intellectn Theme: praise of individuality。 they were played at churches at first。 epic。 heroic couplet。 Select a detail which contains humour or irony. What makes it ic or ironic?2. What figures of speech are used? What is image of the nun? 2. Love conquers all. God helps those who help themselves.d Glory belongs to the King.c full of sense / sensibility3. serious/ pleasant/ easygoing/ sombre mannersc Imagine the facial expression of a nun, what words would you use to describe it?2. 2. satirizes all the religious people， except the parson，who are guilty of sins: Pride, Wrath, Envy, Lust, Gluttony, Avarice, and Sloth 3. shows a growing sense of selfimportance of the trades/ towns people, reflecting the changing social status, esp. in towns and citiesStyle: lively, vivid MiddleAge English, satire, humour, Heroic Couplet。 exposes and satirizes t